List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy

Spain is administratively divided into 17 autonomous communities. Autonomous communities, in turn, are divided into provinces — there are 50 of them, plus two autonomous cities in Africa (Ceuta and Melilla).

According to estimation of the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE), life expectancy at birth in the country in 2023 was 83.77 years (81.11 years for male and 86.34 years for female).[1][2][3]

According to alternative estimation of the United Nations, in 2023 life expectancy in Spain was 83.67 years total (80.96 for male, 86.31 for female).[4]

Estimation of the World Bank Group for 2023: 83.88 years total (81.20 for male, 86.70 for female).[5]

Estimation of Eurostat for 2023: 84.0 years total (81.3 for male, 86.7 for female).[6][7]

According to estimation of the WHO for 2019, at that year life expectancy in Spain was 83.14 years (80.54 years for male and 85.66 years for female).
And healthy life expectancy was 71.69 years (70.90 years for male and 72.42 years for female).[8]

According to estimation of Eurostat for 2023, some regions of Spain are among the leaders in Europe in life expectancy. This list of regions is topped by the Community of Madrid, with an overall life expectancy estimated at 86.1 years.[9]

In 2023, the difference in life expectancy between the most prosperous and disadvantaged provinces of Spain (excluding autonomous cities) was 3.59 years.
In 2022, this difference was 3.45 years.
In pre-COVID 2019, this difference was 3.22 years.[10]

National Statistics Institute (2024)

Statistics by province

province 2024 historical data
overall male female sex gap 2014 2014
→2019 		2019 2019
→2020 		2020 2020
→2021 		2021 2021
→2022 		2022 2022
→2023 		2023 2023
→2024 		2024 2014
→2024
Spain on average 84.01 81.38 86.53 5.15 82.91 0.62 83.53 −1.25 82.28 0.75 83.03 0.05 83.08 0.69 83.77 0.24 84.01 1.10
Salamanca 85.77 83.46 87.99 4.53 84.58 0.11 84.69 −2.16 82.53 2.20 84.73 −0.61 84.12 1.28 85.40 0.37 85.77 1.19
Madrid 85.58 83.07 87.74 4.67 84.20 0.73 84.93 −2.66 82.27 2.29 84.56 0.20 84.76 0.63 85.39 0.19 85.58 1.38
Segovia 85.30 82.78 87.84 5.06 84.09 0.61 84.70 −3.21 81.49 2.57 84.06 0.35 84.41 −0.49 83.92 1.38 85.30 1.21
Valladolid 85.02 82.48 87.45 4.97 83.86 0.76 84.62 −1.70 82.92 1.04 83.96 0.13 84.09 0.63 84.72 0.30 85.02 1.16
Álava (Araba) 85.02 82.43 87.54 5.11 84.38 0.38 84.76 −1.17 83.59 0.72 84.31 −0.18 84.13 0.94 85.07 −0.05 85.02 0.64
Navarre 84.66 81.96 87.33 5.37 83.45 1.10 84.55 −1.22 83.33 0.93 84.26 −0.41 83.85 0.94 84.79 −0.13 84.66 1.21
Biscay 84.64 81.95 87.11 5.16 83.10 0.55 83.65 −0.66 82.99 0.71 83.70 −0.31 83.39 1.03 84.42 0.22 84.64 1.54
Guadalajara 84.56 82.53 86.67 4.14 84.36 0.37 84.73 −2.44 82.29 1.57 83.86 −0.14 83.72 0.99 84.71 −0.15 84.56 0.20
Burgos 84.56 81.94 87.30 5.36 83.60 0.92 84.52 −1.34 83.18 1.37 84.55 −0.68 83.87 0.36 84.23 0.33 84.56 0.96
Zamora 84.50 81.94 87.19 5.25 83.41 0.01 83.42 −0.52 82.90 1.25 84.15 −0.53 83.62 1.53 85.15 −0.65 84.50 1.09
Soria 84.49 82.50 86.60 4.10 84.02 0.46 84.48 −2.22 82.26 1.37 83.63 −0.34 83.29 1.44 84.73 −0.24 84.49 0.47
Gipuzkoa 84.49 81.64 87.24 5.60 83.30 0.87 84.17 −0.84 83.33 0.14 83.47 −0.08 83.39 0.76 84.15 0.34 84.49 1.19
Ávila 84.45 81.99 87.12 5.13 83.15 0.80 83.95 −1.71 82.24 1.33 83.57 −0.16 83.41 1.00 84.41 0.04 84.45 1.30
Barcelona 84.45 81.84 86.84 5.00 83.27 0.74 84.01 −1.79 82.22 1.26 83.48 0.21 83.69 0.46 84.15 0.30 84.45 1.18
Toledo 84.34 81.89 86.85 4.96 83.80 −0.01 83.79 −2.23 81.56 1.40 82.96 0.81 83.77 0.52 84.29 0.05 84.34 0.54
Zaragoza 84.33 81.69 86.84 5.15 82.71 1.07 83.78 −1.56 82.22 0.86 83.08 −0.01 83.07 0.90 83.97 0.36 84.33 1.62
Pontevedra 84.13 81.27 86.84 5.57 83.07 0.52 83.59 −0.19 83.40 0.25 83.65 −0.39 83.26 0.36 83.62 0.51 84.13 1.06
A Coruña 84.10 81.17 86.88 5.71 82.62 0.73 83.35 0.08 83.43 −0.29 83.14 −0.03 83.11 0.61 83.72 0.38 84.10 1.48
Huesca 84.07 81.81 86.44 4.63 83.25 0.89 84.14 −1.22 82.92 0.77 83.69 −0.75 82.94 1.47 84.41 −0.34 84.07 0.82
Lugo 83.98 81.15 86.90 5.75 82.66 1.05 83.71 −0.61 83.10 0.28 83.38 −0.15 83.23 0.15 83.38 0.60 83.98 1.32
Lleida 83.94 81.32 86.67 5.35 82.92 0.61 83.53 −1.25 82.28 0.48 82.76 0.25 83.01 0.64 83.65 0.29 83.94 1.02
Teruel 83.90 81.60 86.44 4.84 83.13 1.07 84.20 −1.55 82.65 1.04 83.69 −0.55 83.14 1.03 84.17 −0.27 83.90 0.77
La Rioja 83.90 81.30 86.51 5.21 83.78 0.05 83.83 −1.33 82.50 0.77 83.27 −0.07 83.20 0.97 84.17 −0.27 83.90 0.12
León 83.90 81.01 86.81 5.80 83.12 0.50 83.62 −1.14 82.48 1.01 83.49 −0.20 83.29 0.91 84.20 −0.30 83.90 0.78
Cantabria 83.89 81.01 86.62 5.61 82.78 0.80 83.58 −0.58 83.00 0.63 83.63 −0.57 83.06 1.14 84.20 −0.31 83.89 1.11
Ourense 83.88 81.18 86.55 5.37 83.66 −0.09 83.57 −0.51 83.06 0.46 83.52 0.06 83.58 −0.07 83.51 0.37 83.88 0.22
Girona 83.83 81.20 86.47 5.27 82.86 0.29 83.15 −0.52 82.63 0.39 83.02 0.00 83.02 0.48 83.50 0.33 83.83 0.97
Palencia 83.74 80.91 86.74 5.83 82.18 1.12 83.30 −2.13 81.17 1.31 82.48 −0.21 82.27 1.77 84.04 −0.30 83.74 1.56
Cuenca 83.70 81.16 86.41 5.25 83.37 0.25 83.62 −2.84 80.78 2.58 83.36 −0.27 83.09 0.21 83.30 0.40 83.70 0.33
Albacete 83.66 81.10 86.28 5.18 82.66 0.65 83.31 −1.95 81.36 1.85 83.21 −0.22 82.99 0.62 83.61 0.05 83.66 1.00
Cáceres 83.62 80.87 86.49 5.62 83.21 0.26 83.47 −1.75 81.72 0.90 82.62 −0.09 82.53 0.75 83.28 0.34 83.62 0.41
Alicante (Alacant) 83.61 81.18 86.02 4.84 82.66 0.43 83.09 −0.67 82.42 −0.21 82.21 0.41 82.62 0.59 83.21 0.40 83.61 0.95
Balearic Islands 83.46 81.06 85.81 4.75 82.60 0.80 83.40 −0.29 83.11 −0.11 83.00 −0.10 82.90 0.81 83.71 −0.25 83.46 0.86
Granada 83.42 80.83 85.95 5.12 81.94 0.49 82.43 −1.03 81.40 0.40 81.80 0.87 82.67 0.27 82.94 0.48 83.42 1.48
Murcia 83.39 80.88 85.87 4.99 82.47 0.15 82.62 −0.36 82.26 −0.05 82.21 −0.16 82.05 0.77 82.82 0.57 83.39 0.92
Tarragona 83.38 80.88 85.90 5.02 82.85 0.45 83.30 −1.10 82.20 0.74 82.94 −0.08 82.86 0.38 83.24 0.14 83.38 0.53
Asturias 83.32 80.35 86.14 5.79 82.11 0.73 82.84 −0.74 82.10 0.65 82.75 −0.29 82.46 0.65 83.11 0.21 83.32 1.21
Valencia (València) 83.28 80.73 85.68 4.95 82.19 0.69 82.88 −0.72 82.16 0.06 82.22 0.12 82.34 0.63 82.97 0.31 83.28 1.09
Castellón (Castelló) 83.27 80.62 85.95 5.33 82.41 0.42 82.83 −0.13 82.70 −0.55 82.15 0.42 82.57 0.72 83.29 −0.02 83.27 0.86
Córdoba 83.18 80.39 85.88 5.49 82.39 0.36 82.75 −0.50 82.25 −0.13 82.12 −0.18 81.94 0.69 82.63 0.55 83.18 0.79
Málaga 83.07 80.68 85.38 4.70 81.64 0.90 82.54 −0.57 81.97 −0.15 81.82 0.33 82.15 0.75 82.90 0.17 83.07 1.43
Ciudad Real 83.04 80.54 85.51 4.97 82.63 0.35 82.98 −2.62 80.36 2.08 82.44 0.51 82.95 0.10 83.05 −0.01 83.04 0.41
Santa Cruz de Tenerife 82.88 80.71 84.94 4.23 81.95 0.61 82.56 0.07 82.63 −0.33 82.30 −0.29 82.01 0.84 82.85 0.03 82.88 0.93
Badajoz 82.83 80.06 85.66 5.60 81.80 0.63 82.43 −0.53 81.90 −0.01 81.89 0.40 82.29 0.61 82.90 −0.07 82.83 1.03
Jaén 82.80 80.19 85.40 5.21 81.94 0.34 82.28 −0.93 81.35 0.45 81.80 −0.08 81.72 0.96 82.68 0.12 82.80 0.86
Seville 82.73 80.00 85.35 5.35 81.59 0.40 81.99 −0.60 81.39 0.05 81.44 0.30 81.74 0.84 82.58 0.15 82.73 1.14
Las Palmas 82.68 80.37 85.01 4.64 81.74 0.53 82.27 −0.37 81.90 0.02 81.92 −0.36 81.56 0.52 82.08 0.60 82.68 0.94
Melilla (auton. city) 82.66 80.07 85.20 5.13 80.03 0.64 80.67 −1.85 78.82 0.90 79.72 1.83 81.55 0.06 81.61 1.05 82.66 2.63
Cádiz 82.55 79.89 85.18 5.29 81.17 0.54 81.71 −0.63 81.08 −0.33 80.75 0.69 81.44 0.57 82.01 0.54 82.55 1.38
Huelva 82.42 79.57 85.34 5.77 81.24 0.60 81.84 −0.41 81.43 −0.27 81.16 0.43 81.59 0.24 81.83 0.59 82.42 1.18
Almería 82.10 79.43 84.90 5.47 81.82 0.11 81.93 −0.73 81.20 −0.59 80.61 0.70 81.31 0.50 81.81 0.29 82.10 0.28
Ceuta (auton. city) 81.60 79.63 83.51 3.88 79.82 0.60 80.42 −1.28 79.14 −0.84 78.30 1.41 79.71 1.40 81.11 0.49 81.60 1.78
Maps of life expectancy in provinces of Spain in 2014, 2019, 2024[10]
Maps of life expectancy for male[10]
Maps of life expectancy for female[10]

Data source: National Statistics Institute (Spain) (Instituto Nacional de Estadística)[10][1][2][3]

Statistics by autonomous community

autonomous community 2024 historical data
overall male female sex gap 2014 2014
→2019 		2019 2019
→2020 		2020 2020
→2021 		2021 2021
→2022 		2022 2022
→2023 		2023 2023
→2024 		2024 2014
→2024
Spain on average 84.01 81.38 86.53 5.15 82.91 0.62 83.53 −1.25 82.28 0.75 83.03 0.05 83.08 0.69 83.77 0.24 84.01 1.10
Madrid 85.58 83.07 87.74 4.67 84.20 0.73 84.93 −2.66 82.27 2.29 84.56 0.20 84.76 0.63 85.39 0.19 85.58 0.65
Castile and León 84.67 82.08 87.28 5.20 83.60 0.60 84.20 −1.67 82.53 1.41 83.94 −0.26 83.68 0.86 84.54 0.13 84.67 0.47
Navarre 84.66 81.96 87.33 5.37 83.45 1.10 84.55 −1.22 83.33 0.93 84.26 −0.41 83.85 0.94 84.79 −0.13 84.66 0.11
Basque Country 84.64 81.91 87.20 5.29 83.35 0.63 83.98 −0.80 83.18 0.52 83.70 −0.21 83.49 0.93 84.42 0.22 84.64 0.66
Aragon 84.24 81.71 86.72 5.01 82.85 1.03 83.88 −1.50 82.38 0.87 83.25 −0.19 83.06 1.01 84.07 0.17 84.24 0.36
Catalonia 84.24 81.64 86.69 5.05 83.17 0.65 83.82 −1.57 82.25 1.09 83.34 0.15 83.49 0.47 83.96 0.28 84.24 0.42
Galicia 84.09 81.23 86.86 5.63 82.91 0.60 83.51 −0.18 83.33 0.08 83.41 −0.18 83.23 0.39 83.62 0.47 84.09 0.58
La Rioja 83.90 81.30 86.51 5.21 83.78 0.05 83.83 −1.33 82.50 0.77 83.27 −0.07 83.20 0.97 84.17 −0.27 83.90 0.07
Cantabria 83.89 81.01 86.62 5.61 82.78 0.80 83.58 −0.58 83.00 0.63 83.63 −0.57 83.06 1.14 84.20 −0.31 83.89 0.31
Castilla–La Mancha 83.85 81.43 86.33 4.90 83.28 0.29 83.57 −2.35 81.22 1.80 83.02 0.31 83.33 0.45 83.78 0.07 83.85 0.28
Balearic Islands 83.46 81.06 85.81 4.75 82.60 0.80 83.40 −0.29 83.11 −0.11 83.00 −0.10 82.90 0.81 83.71 −0.25 83.46 0.06
Valencia 83.40 80.89 85.84 4.95 82.39 0.56 82.95 −0.63 82.32 −0.11 82.21 0.26 82.47 0.63 83.10 0.30 83.40 0.45
Murcia 83.39 80.88 85.87 4.99 82.47 0.15 82.62 −0.36 82.26 −0.05 82.21 −0.16 82.05 0.77 82.82 0.57 83.39 0.77
Asturias 83.32 80.35 86.14 5.79 82.11 0.73 82.84 −0.74 82.10 0.65 82.75 −0.29 82.46 0.65 83.11 0.21 83.32 0.48
Extremadura 83.13 80.36 85.99 5.63 82.35 0.49 82.84 −1.01 81.83 0.36 82.19 0.21 82.40 0.66 83.06 0.07 83.13 0.29
Andalusia 82.82 80.18 85.42 5.24 81.70 0.50 82.20 −0.69 81.51 −0.05 81.46 0.40 81.86 0.63 82.49 0.33 82.82 0.62
Canary Islands 82.79 80.54 84.99 4.45 81.86 0.56 82.42 −0.16 82.26 −0.14 82.12 −0.34 81.78 0.68 82.46 0.33 82.79 0.37
Melilla (auton. city) 82.66 80.07 85.20 5.13 80.03 0.64 80.67 −1.85 78.82 0.90 79.72 1.83 81.55 0.06 81.61 1.05 82.66 1.99
Ceuta (auton. city) 81.60 79.63 83.51 3.88 79.82 0.60 80.42 −1.28 79.14 −0.84 78.30 1.41 79.71 1.40 81.11 0.49 81.60 1.18
Maps of life expectancy in autonomous communities of Spain in 2014, 2019, 2024[11][12]
Maps of life expectancy for male[11]
Maps of life expectancy for female[11]

Data source: National Statistics Institute (Spain) (Instituto Nacional de Estadística)[11][1][2][3]


Eurostat (2014—2023)

See also: List of European regions by life expectancy

The division of Spain into territorial units 2 level (NUTS 2) coincides with the division of Spain into autonomous communities. By default the table is sorted by 2023.

code region 2014 2014
→2019 		2019 2019
→2023 		2023 2014
→2023
overall male female F Δ M overall male female F Δ M overall male female F Δ M
Spain on average 83.3 80.4 86.2 5.8 0.7 84.0 81.1 86.7 5.6 0.0 84.0 81.3 86.7 5.4 0.7
ES30 Madrid 84.9 81.9 87.6 5.7 0.9 85.8 83.0 88.2 5.2 0.3 86.1 83.4 88.3 4.9 1.2
ES22 Navarre 83.9 80.9 86.9 6.0 1.1 85.0 82.4 87.5 5.1 0.0 85.0 82.4 87.6 5.2 1.1
ES41 Castile and León 84.1 81.2 87.2 6.0 0.6 84.7 81.8 87.6 5.8 0.2 84.9 82.1 87.7 5.6 0.8
ES21 Basque Country 83.9 80.7 86.9 6.2 0.6 84.5 81.4 87.5 6.1 0.2 84.7 81.8 87.4 5.6 0.8
ES13 Cantabria 83.1 79.9 86.3 6.4 0.8 83.9 81.1 86.7 5.6 0.5 84.4 81.4 87.3 5.9 1.3
ES23 La Rioja 84.2 81.0 87.5 6.5 0.0 84.2 81.3 87.1 5.8 0.1 84.3 81.4 87.1 5.7 0.1
ES51 Catalonia 83.6 80.6 86.5 5.9 0.7 84.3 81.3 87.1 5.8 −0.1 84.2 81.4 86.9 5.5 0.6
ES24 Aragon 83.2 80.3 86.3 6.0 1.2 84.4 81.5 87.2 5.7 −0.2 84.2 81.3 87.1 5.8 1.0
ES42 Castilla–La Mancha 83.7 81.0 86.5 5.5 0.2 83.9 81.5 86.5 5.0 0.1 84.0 81.5 86.6 5.1 0.3
ES53 Balearic Islands 83.0 80.2 85.7 5.5 1.2 84.2 81.7 86.6 4.9 −0.2 84.0 81.5 86.4 4.9 1.0
ES11 Galicia 83.4 80.1 86.6 6.5 0.6 84.0 81.0 87.0 6.0 0.0 84.0 80.8 87.0 6.2 0.6
ES52 Valencian Community 82.8 80.2 85.5 5.3 0.7 83.5 80.7 86.3 5.6 −0.1 83.4 80.7 86.1 5.4 0.6
ES43 Extremadura 82.7 79.8 85.7 5.9 0.4 83.1 80.2 86.2 6.0 0.2 83.3 80.7 86.0 5.3 0.6
ES12 Asturias 82.5 79.2 85.6 6.4 0.7 83.2 80.1 86.2 6.1 0.1 83.3 80.4 85.9 5.5 0.8
ES62 Murcia 82.8 80.3 85.3 5.0 0.1 82.9 80.3 85.4 5.1 0.1 83.0 80.5 85.6 5.1 0.2
ES70 Canary Islands (in the Atlantic Ocean) 82.5 79.8 85.2 5.4 1.0 83.5 80.9 86.2 5.3 −0.7 82.8 80.2 85.4 5.2 0.3
ES61 Andalusia 82.1 79.2 84.9 5.7 0.5 82.6 79.8 85.3 5.5 0.1 82.7 80.0 85.4 5.4 0.6
ES64 Melilla (autonomous city in Africa) 80.7 77.9 83.5 5.6 0.7 81.4 78.8 84.1 5.3 0.2 81.6 80.1 83.3 3.2 0.9
ES63 Ceuta (autonomous city in Africa) 80.6 77.7 84.0 6.3 0.8 81.4 79.0 83.9 4.9 −0.1 81.3 78.9 83.6 4.7 0.7

Data source: Eurostat[13][14]

Life expectancy in Spanish regions in comparison with regions of other European countries in 2019 and 2022, according to Eurostat[13][14]
(legends on the maps are identical)


Global Data Lab (2019–2022)

Main article: List of European regions by life expectancy § Estimate of the Global Data Lab (2019—2022)
region 2019 2019
→2021 		2021 2021
→2022 		2022 2019
→2022
overall male female F Δ M overall overall male female F Δ M
Spain on average 83.53 80.82 86.17 5.35 −0.52 83.01 0.90 83.91 81.20 86.55 5.35 0.38
Madrid 85.34 82.66 87.65 4.99 −0.31 85.03 0.85 85.88 83.10 88.33 5.23 0.54
Navarre 84.55 82.06 86.96 4.90 −0.12 84.43 0.14 84.57 81.68 87.52 5.84 0.02
Castile and León 84.25 81.47 87.06 5.59 −0.32 83.93 0.54 84.47 81.68 87.32 5.64 0.22
Catalonia 83.85 80.97 86.56 5.59 −0.51 83.34 1.03 84.37 81.58 87.02 5.44 0.52
Basque Country 84.05 81.07 86.96 5.89 −0.42 83.63 0.64 84.27 81.48 87.02 5.54 0.22
Castilla–La Mancha 83.45 81.17 85.96 4.79 −0.51 82.94 1.13 84.07 81.68 86.61 4.93 0.62
Galicia 83.55 80.67 86.46 5.79 −0.02 83.53 0.54 84.07 81.18 86.82 5.64 0.52
Balearic Islands (in the Mediterranean Sea) 83.75 81.37 86.06 4.69 −0.41 83.34 0.53 83.87 81.18 86.51 5.33 0.12
La Rioja 83.75 80.97 86.56 5.59 −0.81 82.94 0.93 83.87 81.08 86.71 5.63 0.12
Cantabria 83.45 80.77 86.16 5.39 0.18 83.63 0.14 83.77 81.08 86.21 5.13 0.32
Aragon 83.95 81.17 86.66 5.49 −0.81 83.14 0.53 83.67 80.88 86.51 5.63 −0.28
Valencia 83.06 80.37 85.76 5.39 −0.92 82.14 1.12 83.26 80.68 85.91 5.23 0.20
Extremadura 82.66 79.87 85.66 5.79 −0.72 81.94 1.22 83.16 80.47 85.81 5.34 0.50
Asturias 82.76 79.77 85.66 5.89 −0.12 82.64 0.52 83.16 80.37 85.81 5.44 0.40
Canary Islands (in the Atlantic Ocean) 83.06 80.57 85.66 5.09 −0.22 82.84 0.12 82.96 80.47 85.51 5.04 −0.10
Murcia 82.46 79.97 84.87 4.90 −0.52 81.94 0.82 82.76 80.07 85.51 5.44 0.30
Andalusia 82.16 79.47 84.77 5.30 −0.82 81.34 1.32 82.66 79.97 85.30 5.33 0.50
Melilla (autonomous city in Africa) 80.97 78.48 83.58 5.10 −1.22 79.75 2.61 82.36 80.37 84.40 4.03 1.39
Ceuta (autonomous city in Africa) 80.97 78.68 83.38 4.70 −2.21 78.76 2.29 81.05 79.26 82.79 3.53 0.08

Data source: Global Data Lab[15]


Charts

  • Development of life expectancy in Spain according to estimation of the World Bank Group[5]
  • Life expectancy with calculated sex gap[5]
  • Life expectancy in comparison to prime ministers of the country[5]
  • Life expectancy in Spain according to estimation of Our World in Data[16]
  • Development of life expectancy in Spain in comparison to the largest by population European countries[5]
  • Development of life expectancy in Spain in comparison to neighboring countries[5]


  • Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Spain on the background of other countries of the world in 2019[8]
  • Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy for males and females separately[8]
  • Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Spain on the background of other countries of Europe in 2019[8]
  • Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy for males and females separately[8]


See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Life expectancy charts for Spain.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Spanish Statistical Office: National Total. Total. 0 years old. Life Expectancy. Base data". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
  2. ^ a b c "Spanish Statistical Office: National Total. Males. 0 years old. Life Expectancy. Base data". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
  3. ^ a b c "Spanish Statistical Office: National Total. Females. 0 years old. Life Expectancy. Base data". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
  4. ^ "World Population Prospects 2024" (XLSX). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 27 July 2024. — see file "Compact (most used: estimates and medium projections)"
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Life expectancy at birth, total - Spain". World Bank Group.
  6. ^ "Life expectancy at birth by sex". Eurostat. 5 June 2025. Retrieved 24 June 2025. — Dataset
  7. ^ "Life expectancy at birth by sex". Eurostat. 5 June 2025. Retrieved 24 June 2025. — Table. For visualization use the tab "Map"
  8. ^ a b c d e "The Global Health Observatory: Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy". World Health Organization. 2 August 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2025.
  9. ^ "Mortality and life expectancy statistics". Eurostat. 14 March 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Spanish Statistical Office: Life expectancy at birth by Province and by sex". National Statistics Institute (Spain). Retrieved 5 January 2026.
  11. ^ a b c d "Spanish Statistical Office: Life expectancy at Birth by Autonomos Community and by sex". National Statistics Institute (Spain). Retrieved 5 January 2026.
  12. ^ "Autonomous Communities of Spain - Life expectancy at birth". CountryEconomy.com. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  13. ^ a b "Life expectancy at birth by sex and NUTS 2 region". Eurostat. 21 March 2025. Retrieved 1 May 2025. — Dataset
  14. ^ a b "Life expectancy at birth by sex and NUTS 2 region". Eurostat. 21 March 2025. Retrieved 1 May 2025. — Table. For visualization use tab "Map"
  15. ^ "Life expectancy 2022 - Maps | Subnational HDI (v8.0)". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  16. ^ "Life expectancy at birth: Spain". Our World in Data.
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