List of wars involving the Dutch Republic
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This is a list of wars involving the Dutch Republic, which emerged from the Habsburg Netherlands during the Eighty Years' War (c. 1566–1648). The set of "United Provinces" that would later become the Dutch Republic proclaimed its independence in 1581. In the Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition, the Dutch Republic was conquered by the First French Republic in 1795, and replaced by the Batavian Republic.
- For earlier wars, see List of wars in the Low Countries until 1560.
- For simultaneous wars in the south, see List of wars in the southern Low Countries (1560–1829) – includes wars on the present territory of Belgium and Luxembourg, including the Southern Netherlands (Spanish Netherlands & Austrian Netherlands), the Principality of Liège, the Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy, the Prince-Bishopric of Cambrésis and the Imperial City of Cambray, the Duchy of Bouillon, and smaller states.
- For wars after 1795, see List of wars involving the Netherlands.
List
- War of succession
- War of conquest (territorial control)
- Religious war (including the European wars of religion)
- Economic war (including colonial wars)
- Revolt or rebellion (political)
Notes
- ^ See also List of battles of the Eighty Years' War.
- ^ With the Pacification of Ghent on 8 November 1576, the States General of the Seventeen Provinces, except Luxemburg, managed to articulate a joint Catholic-Protestant political and military rebellion against the Spanish imperial government.[1] But various political, religious and military circumstances caused this union to collapse in 1579, the year in which the Netherlands was divided in two, with the Catholic provinces of the south joining in the Union of Arras on 6 January and the Protestant provinces of the north (in general terms) at the Union of Utrecht of 23 January. The southern provinces would once again be under the orbit of the Spanish government, while the northern provinces would reaffirm their political and military alliance against Spain.[2][3]
- ^ The rebellious provinces of the Netherlands managed to form a joint political and military rebellion against Spain after the Pacification of Ghent on 8 November 1576.[1]
- ^ In 1576, the States General called, at the suggestion of William the Silent, Francis, Duke of Anjou, to request his protection. In 1578 Anjou intervened with an army of French in the south of the Netherlands, but did not achieve the expected results and withdrew. In the following years he again invaded the southern Netherlands, and on 23 January 1581 the Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours was ratified between Anjou and the States General to agree to his reign in the region. His intervention in the Netherlands ended in 1583 after several defeats of his forces.[4][5]
- ^ After the outbreak of the Portuguese rebellion in 1640, on 12 June 1641, to the detriment of Spain, a truce and alliance agreement was reached between the Dutch Republic and Portugal with the Treaty of The Hague.[6] But this agreement was only limited to Europe, thus continuing the struggle between the Dutch and Portuguese in the colonies.[7]
- ^ The nascent political organization reached by the rebellious northern provinces with the Union of Utrecht on 23 January 1579, Groenveld 2009, pp. 16–17 Groenveld 2009, pp. 10–11 would be followed by the Act of Abjuration on 26 July 1581, declaring de facto independence from Spain, Groenveld 2009, pp. 18–19 to finally become a republic by approving the Deduction of Vrancken on 12 April 1588.[8]
- ^ During the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Empire supported Spain with Imperial forces on the Low Countries front in 1629, 1632, and 1635, although it never directly waged war against the Dutch Republic.[9]
- ^ This expedition was launched after the Algerians broke the peace treaty.
- ^ Historians have different opinions on the outcome, for example historian Jonathan Israel calls it a complete Dutch victory, but another historian like Dagomar Degroot, mark it as stalemate, the historian Edward Kritzler marks it as inconclusive, and Nigel Cawthorne marks it as an English victory
- ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of The Hague (1795) with France.
- ^ Including the Army of Condé
- ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian rule, also encompassed many other Italian states, such as the Duchy of Modena and the Duchy of Massa. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Campo Formio with France.
- ^ a b Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
- ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
- ^ Including the Polish Legions formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
- ^ The French Revolutionary Army and Dutch revolutionaries overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
- ^ Various conquered Italian states, including the Cisalpine Republic from 1797
- ^ Re-entered the war against Britain as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.
References
- ^ a b van der Lem 1995, Chapter IV.
- ^ Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b, v. II pp. 95–124.
- ^ van der Lem 1995, Chapter V.
- ^ Gallegos Vázquez, Federico (2014). "La dimensión internacional de la guerra de los Países Bajos". Guerra, derecho y política: Aproximaciones a una interacción inevitable (in Spanish). España: 45–64. ISBN 978-84-617-1675-3. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ "Francisco de Alençon". Diccionario Biográfico Español (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1900). Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Madrid, España: Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. p. 269. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ Aleixandre Tena, Francisca (1967). "La revolución portuguesa de 1640". Saitabi: Revista de la Facultat de Geografia i Història (in Spanish) (17). Valencia, España: 95–96. ISSN 0210-9980. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ Groenveld 2009, p. 21.
- ^ van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010). The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588–1688. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 217–234, 247–248. ISBN 978-1-84383-575-2.
- ^ Tarver & Slape 2016, p. 71.
- ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Foreign Settlements - Portuguese Settlement". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Essays - Spain". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Historical Events - Timeline 1600-1649". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ a b c Trelease, Allan W. (1960). Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
- ^ Hrushevsky (2003), pp. 327ff.
- ^ Part of the Second Anglo-Dutch War
- ^ Ressel, Magnus (2015). "The Dutch-Algerian War and the Rise of British Shipping to Southern Europe (1715–1726)". Cahiers de la Méditerranée (90): 237–255. doi:10.4000/cdlm.8011.
- ^ Koshy, M. O. (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758 (hardcover ed.). Mittal Publications. pp. 118–129. ISBN 9788170991366.
- ^ "Wars of the Vendee". Archived from the original on 19 January 2024.
Bibliography
- Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 978-9087041274. (in cooperation with H.L.Ph. Leeuwenberg and H.B. van der Weel)
- Groenveld, Simon; Leeuwenberg, Huib (2020). De Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Opstand en consolidatie in de Nederlanden (ca. 1560–1650). Derde editie (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p. 750. ISBN 9789462495661. (e-book; original publication 2008; in cooperation with M. Mout and W. Zappey)
- Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b). Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. ISBN 979-8687563130.
- Tarver, H. Michael; Slape, Emily (2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610694216.
- van der Lem, Anton (1995). "Het verhaal van de Opstand. Hoofdstuk 5: De scheiding in de Nederlanden". De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2022.