List of Antillian and Bermudan species extinct in the Holocene

This is a list of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1] This list includes the Antilles archipelago and the Bermuda Islands, collectively known as the West Indies.

The indigenous fauna of the West Indies collapsed in the Late Quaternary, with the rate of extinction for terrestrial mammals approaching 79-84%, one of the highest in the world. However, in stark contrast to the American continent, radiocarbon dating indicates that mammals survived the end of the Pleistocene with no apparent, or minimal losses despite localized sea level rise and climate change.[2] The same actually caused some bird extirpations and extinctions on the Bahamas, however.[3]

The indigenous peoples of the Caribbean arrived in the middle Holocene[4] and introduced guinea pigs, agoutis, and Native American dogs. While they accelerated the process, it was still not to the extent predicted by the "blitzkrieg" model of Pleistocene extinctions. For example, Caribbean sloths coexisted with humans for up to 400 years, even the largest species, which might indicate that they weren't commonly hunted. Some rodents, like the Puerto Rican hutia and Desmarest's hutia, and even flightless birds like the Antillean cave rail adapted well to human predation and were introduced to new islands by humans.[2][5] European colonization, beginning with the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, brought in Old World rats, mice, domestic animals, and large-scale deforestation that eradicated many of the native animals and those introduced by indigenous peoples alike. The most recent extinctions happened after the late 19th century, following the introduction of the small Indian mongoose for rat control.[2]

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Anteaters and sloths (order Pilosa)

Antillian sloths (family Megalocnidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cuban sloth[6] Acratocnus antillensis Cuba Most recent remains dated to 5050-4050 BCE.[4]
Puerto Rican sloth[6] Acratocnus odontrigonus Puerto Rico[6] Most recent remains dated to 1738–1500 BCE. However this date was not obtained directly from bones, nor calibrated, and the remains could be older.[7]
Haitian Macaya sloth[6] Acratocnus ye Hispaniola Most recent remains dated to 8540–1590 BCE (uncalibrated age).[2]
Cuban giant sloth[6] Megalocnus rodens Cuba Most recent remains dated to 2280-2200 BCE.[2]
Lesser Haitian ground sloth[6] Neocnus comes Hispaniola Most recent remains dated to 2480–2400 BCE.[2]
Haitian pine forest sloth[6] Neocnus dousman Most recent remains dated to 5226-5156 BCE.[8]
Cuban rodent-like sloth[6] Neocnus gliriformis Cuba Most recent remains dated to 5050-4050 BCE.[4]
Neocnus major Known from remains dating to either the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.[2] Possibly a synonym of N. gliriformis, with differences owing to sexual dimorphism, but this is rejected by other researchers.[6]
Haitian rak bwa sloth[6] Neocnus toupiti Massif de la Hotte, Haiti[6] Most recent remains dated to 8540–1590 BCE (uncalibrated age).[2]
Matthew's ground sloth[6] Parocnus brownii Cuba Most recent remains dated to 3290-2730 BCE.[2]
Parocnus dominicanus Southeastern Dominican Republic Known from remains dating to either the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.[9]
Greater Haitian ground sloth[6] Parocnus serus Hispaniola, Tortuga, and Gonâve Island[6] Most recent remains dated to 8540–1590 BCE (uncalibrated age).[2]

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Neotropical spiny rats (family Echimyidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Oriente cave rat Boromys offella Cuba Extinct after European contact.[2]
Torre's cave rat Boromys torrei Possibly extinct after European contact.[2]
Brotomys contractus Hispaniola
Hispaniolan edible rat Brotomys voratus Most recent remains dated to 1550-1670 CE.[2]
Capromys latus Cuba Extinct in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.[2]
Capromys pilorides lewisi Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman, Cayman Islands Most recently dated in Grand Cayman to 1439-1643 and in Cayman Brac to 1440–1624. A 1585 reference by Francis Drake to "coneys" and cat-sized "little beasts" on the islands could refer to this animal.[10]
Geocapromys caymanensis Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, Cayman Islands Most recently dated at Cayman Brac to 666-857 CE.[10]
Cuban coney Geocapromys columbianus Cuba Extinct after European contact.[2]
Little Swan Island hutia Geocapromys thoracatus Little Swan Island, Honduras Last recorded in the early 1950s. It disappeared due to predation by cats introduced around the same time, though a hurricane in 1955 may have speeded up the process.[11]
Geocapromys pleistocenicus Cuba Extinct after European contact.[2]
Antillean cave rat Heteropsomys antillensis Puerto Rico Possibly extinct after European contact.[2]
Insular cave rat Heteropsomys insulans Most recent remains dated to 772–870 CE.[12]
Imposter hutia Hexolobodon phenax Hispaniola Extinct after European contact.[2]
Hexolobodon sp. Southern Hispaniola Possibly extinct after European contact.[2]
Montane hutia Isolobodon montanus Hispaniola Extinct after European contact.[2]
Puerto Rican hutia Isolobodon portoricensis Hispaniola and Gonâve Remains most recently dated to 1270-1390 CE, but likely disappeared after European contact. It was domesticated to some extent by Native Americans and introduced to Puerto Rico, Mona Island, Vieques, and the Virgin Islands. Likely one of the animals mentioned by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés in 1535.[2]
Macrocapromys acevedo Cuba Most recent remains dated to around 450 BCE.[4]
Mesocapromys barbouri Extinct in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.[2]
Mesocapromys beatrizae
Mesocapromys gracilis
Mesocapromys kraglievichi Most recent remains dated after around 450 BCE.[4]
Mesocapromys minimus Extinct in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.[2]
Plagiodontia araeum Hispaniola Extinct in the Holocene.[2]
Samana hutia Plagiodontia ipnaeum Extinct after European contact.[2]
Lemke's hutia Rhizoplagiodontia lemkei Massif de la Hotte, Haiti[6]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Dwarf hutia Mesocapromys nanus Ciénaga de Zapata, Cuba Last collected in 1951; a nest and pellets were found in 1978. The species is threatened by introduced predators (black rat, feral dog, feral cat, mongoose), fires (sometimes set for mosquito control), and deforestation for charcoal production.[13]
San Felipe hutia Mesocapromys sanfelipensis Key Juan García, Cuba Last collected in 1978. It likely declined due to hunting after a military base was built on the island, fires set up by fishermen (both accidentally and for mosquito control), and predation by introduced black rats, cats, and dogs.[14]

Giant hutias (family Heptaxodontidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Plate-toothed giant hutia Elasmodontomys obliquus Puerto Rico Most recent remains dated to 511–407 BCE.[12]
Twisted-toothed mouse Quemisia gravis Hispaniola Extinct after European contact. Although not dated, remains were found along with introduced Rattus and there are probable references to it in early colonial literature.[2]
Tainotherium valei Puerto Rico Known from an undated femur from either the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Its morphology suggests arboreality, making unlikely that it became extinct when forests expanded in the Holocene. It might have become extinct due to human-induced habitat loss instead.[15]
Diminute Jamaican hutia[6] Xaymaca fulvopulvis Jamaica Most recent remains dated to 9390–8220 BCE.[2]

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Barbuda giant rice rat Megalomys audreyae Barbuda Most recent remains dated to 1173–1385 CE.[7]
Martinique giant rice rat Megalomys desmarestii Martinique Last recorded in 1897. Presumed to have become extinct as a result of mongoose predation, or the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée.[16]
Saint Lucia giant rice rat Megalomys luciae Saint Lucia Last recorded before 1881. Likely extinct because of predation by introduced mongooses.[17]
Megalomys sp. Anguilla Extinct after European contact.[2]
Megalomys sp. Antigua
Saint Vincent pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys victus Saint Vincent Last recorded before 1892. Probably extinct due to predation by introduced black rats, brown rats, or mongooses.[18]
Jamaican rice rat Oryzomys antillarum Jamaica Last recorded in 1877, five years after the introduction of mongooses.[19]
Oryzomys curasoae Curaçao Extinct after European contact.[2]
Oryzomys hypenemus Antigua and Barbuda
Oryzomys sp. Barbados Last recorded before 1890.[2]
Oryzomys spp. Grenada Two different species extinct after European contact.[2]
Nevis rice rat Pennatomys nivalis Saint Kitts and Nevis and Sint Eustatius Described from subfossil remains. Historical references to an "unusual-looking", edible rat from the colonial period to the 1930s may refer to this species. It likely disappeared due to predation by introduced black rats or mongooses.[20]

Primates (order Primates)

Titis, sakis, and uakaris (family Pitheciidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Hispaniola monkey Antillothrix bernensis Hispaniola Most recent remains dated to 2035–1735 BCE. Possible monkey depictions in petroglyphs, indigenous pottery and other artifacts of Cuba and Hispaniola may indicate later survival.[2]
La Hotte monkey Insulacebus toussaintiana Massif de la Hotte, Haiti[6] Described from undated remains, but presumed to be late Holocene because of its state of conservation similar to the other species.[21]
Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori Jamaica Most recent remains dated to 439–473 CE.[22]

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)

West Indies shrews (family Nesophontidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Puerto Rican nesophontes Nesophontes edithae Puerto Rico Most recently dated to 1015–1147 CE[12] but believed extinct after European contact. No nesophontes species was hunted as they were too small.[2]
Cayman nesophontes Nesophontes hemicingulus Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, Cayman Islands Most recently dated at Cayman Brac to 666–857 CE[10] but believed extinct after European contact.[2]
Atalaye nesophontes Nesophontes hypomicrus Hispaniola Most recently dated to 1175–1295 CE[23] but believed extinct after European contact.[2]
Greater Cuban nesophontes Nesophontes major Cuba Most recent remains dated to around 10 BCE at Cueva de los Nesofontes,[24] but believed extinct after European contact.[2]
Western Cuban nesophontes Nesophontes micrus Most recently dated to 1310–1410 CE but believed extinct after European contact.[2]
St. Michel nesophontes Nesophontes paramicrus Hispaniola Most recently dated to 1265–1400 CE[23] but believed extinct after European contact.[2]
Haitian nesophontes Nesophontes zamicrus Most recently dated to 1295–1430 CE[7] but believed extinct after European contact.[2]

Solenodons (family Solenodontidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Giant solenodon Solenodon arredondoi Cuba Extinct in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.[2]
Marcano's solenodon Solenodon marcanoi Hispaniola Extinct after European contact.[2]

Bats (order Chiroptera)

Mustached, ghost-faced, and naked-backed bats (family Mormoopidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Giant ghost-faced bat Mormoops magna Cuba Most recent remains dated to 7043–6503 BCE.[7]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ghost-faced bat Mormoops megalophylla Mexico to Trinidad and the Ecuadorian Andes Most recent remains in Cuba dated near European arrival.[4]

Leaf-nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Anthony's fruit-eating bat Artibeus anthonyi Cuba Most recent remains dated to 1957–1993 CE.[25]
Puerto Rican long-nosed bat Monophyllus plethodon frater Puerto Rico Possibly extinct between 1851 and 1900 as a result of extensive clearing for agriculture.[26]
Puerto Rican flower bat Phyllonycteris major Puerto Rico and Antigua Most recent remains dated to around 1500 BCE at Burma Quarry, Antigua.[27]
Lesser falcate-winged bat Phyllops vetus Cuba and Juventud Most recent remains dated to around 10 BCE at Cueva de los Nesofontes, Cuba.[24]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus From Mexico and Cuba to Uruguay Most recent remains in Cuba dated to 1957–1993 CE.[25]

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Earless seals (family Phocidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caribbean monk seal Neomonachus tropicalis Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico Last recorded at Serranilla Bank in 1952. It was hunted for its skin, oil, and to remove competition for fishermen.[28]

Birds (class Aves)

Nightjars (order Caprimulgiformes)

Typical nightjars (family Caprimulgidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Cuban pauraque Siphonorhis daiquiri Cuba Most recent remains dated to 7043–6507 BCE.[7]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Jamaican poorwill Siphonorhis americana Jamaica Last recorded in 1860. Probably extinct due to habitat destruction, predation by introduced mongooses and rats.[29]

Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds (order Apodiformes)

Hummingbirds (family Trochillidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Anthracothorax sp. Bahamas Extinct in the Holocene.[30]
Mellisuga sp.
Brace's emerald Riccordia bracei New Providence, Bahamas Only known from the holotype collected in 1877, though subfossil bones of hummingbirds found in the island probably belong to the same species. The causes of extinction are unknown but presumably human-induced.[31]
Gould's emerald Riccordia elegans unknown; possibly Jamaica or the northern Bahamas Only known from the holotype collected in 1860. The reasons of extinction are unknown.[32]

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Puerto Rican quail-dove Geotrygon larva Puerto Rico Known from subfossil remains, extinct after human settlement.[33]

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Jamaican wood rail Amaurolimnas concolor concolor Jamaica Last collected in 1881. Mongoose predation has been suggested as the cause of extinction, but the species coexisted with mongooses, cats, and rats for a prolonged time.[33]
Rallus sp. Bahamas Undescribed species extinct in the Holocene.[30]
Rallus or Porzana sp.

Cave rails (family Nesotrochidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Antillean cave rail Nesotrochis debooyi Puerto Rico Described from subfossil remains in Pre-Columbian kitchen middens, though a 1943 report of a "flightless hen" in Virgin Gorda could have been this species.[34] It was introduced to Mona and the Virgin Islands by indigenous peoples.[5]
Cuban cave rail Nesotrochis picapicensis Cuba Most recent remains dated to near European arrival.[4]
Haitian cave rail Nesotrochis steganinos Hispaniola Most recent remains dated to 5474-5339 BCE.[35]

Cranes (family Gruidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cuban flightless crane Antigone cubensis Cuba Known from Late Quaternary remains.[36][b]
Grus sp. Bahamas Undescribed species, extinct in the Holocene.[30]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sandhill crane Antigone canadensis Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia to northern Mexico, Cuba, and Bahamas Extirpated from Bahamas in the Holocene but survives in western Cuba and Juventud.[30]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Thick-knees (family Burhinidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Dwarf thick-knee Burhinus nanus Bahamas Most recent remains in the Middle Caicos dated to 1460-1660 CE. Sometimes considered a subspecies of the double-striped thick-knee.[3]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Double-striped thick-knee Burhinus bistriatus Central America, northern South America and the Caribbean Extirpated from Cuba, where it is known from Late Quaternary remains.[36] Survives in parts of Hispaniola, Trinidad and Tobago. May occur as vagrant in Barbados.[37]

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Bahama snipe[3] Gallinago kakuki Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Caymans Known from Late Quaternary remains.[36] Reached the Holocene in Bahamas for certain.[30]
Hispaniola woodcock Scolopax brachycarpa Hispaniola Most recent remains at Trouing Jean Paul, Haiti dated to 1270–1380 CE.[38]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis Americas Last collected in Barbados in 1963. Declined due to hunting, conversion of prairies for agriculture, and the suppression of the fire regime.[39]

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Jamaican petrel Pterodroma caribbaea Jamaica; possibly Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Bahamas Last recorded with certainty in 1880. An unconfirmed sighting was made west of Bimini, Bahamas in 1936. It was hunted with dogs in its only known breeding site, the Blue Mountains of Jamaica.[33] The extinct status is hard to ascertain as it is a nocturnal and dark-colored sea bird.[40]

Storks and allies (order Ciconiiformes)

Storks (family Ciconiidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Asphalt stork Ciconia lydekkeri Contiguous United States to Argentina Known from Late Quaternary remains in Cienfuegos, Cuba.[36]
Ciconia sp. Las Breas de San Felipe, Matanzas, Cuba Remains not dated directly; the site is dated to 10350-2730 BCE.[36]
Wetmore's stork Mycteria wetmorei Southern United States and Cuba Remains found in San Felipe along with Ciconia sp.[36]

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Jamaican ibis Xenicibis xympithecus Jamaica Most recent remains at Long Mile Cave dated to 787 BCE – 320 CE.[7]

Herons (family Ardeidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bermuda night heron Nyctanassa carcinocatactes Bermuda Last recorded in 1610. Likely extinct due to introduced cats, hunting, and perhaps shortage of prey.[41]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bare-throated tiger heron Tigrisoma mexicanum Coastal Central America and Cuba Extirpated from Cuba, where Late Quaternary remains are known (possibly representing an endemic subspecies).[36]

New World vultures (order Cathartiformes)

New World vultures and condors (family Cathartidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Emslie's vulture Cathartes emsliei Cuba Most recent remains at Las Breas de San Felipe dated to 10350-2730 BCE. The island was colonized by the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) and the black vulture (Coragyps atratus) after its extinction.[42]
cf. Cathartes sp. A different Late Quaternary species, likely belonging to another genus.[36]
Cuban condor Gymnogyps varonai Known from Late Quaternary remains.[36]

Teratorns (family Teratornithidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Cuban teratorn Oscaravis olsoni Cuba Known from Late Quaternary remains.[36]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Woodward's eagle Amplibuteo woodwardi California to Florida and the Caribbean Known from Late Quaternary remains.[36]
Accipiter sp. Bahamas Undescribed species extinct in the Holocene, known from fossil remains.[30]
Bermuda hawk Bermuteo avivorus Bermuda Last recorded in 1603. Possibly extinct due to hunting and predation by introduced mammals including feral pigs.[43]
Buteo quadratus Bahamas Extinct in the Holocene.[30]
Cuban titan-hawk Buteogallus borrasi Cuba Most recent remains dated to 5050-4050 BCE.[4]
Suarez's giant eagle Gigantohierax suarezi Known from Late Quaternary remains.[36]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Images
Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus Northeastern Mexico, eastern United States and Canada, Cuba, and Bahamas Extirpated from the Caribbean, where they are known from Late Quaternary remains.[36]
Black-chested buzzard-eagle Geranoaetus melanoleucus South America and Cuba

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bermuda saw-whet owl Aegolius gradyi Bermuda Last recorded in 1609–1610. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction and introduced predatory mammals.[33]
Antiguan burrowing owl Athene cunicularia amaura Antigua and Barbuda Extinct in the late 19th century.[44]
Guadeloupe burrowing owl Athene cunicularia guadeloupensis Guadeloupe
Cuban horned owl Bubo osvaldoi Cuba Known from Late Quaternary remains.[36]
Cuban cursorial owl Ornimegalonyx oteroi Most recent remains dated to 5050-4050 BCE.[4] The species O. acevedoi, O. minor, and O. gigas are likely the same and represent only size differences due to sexual dimorphism, chrono-temporal or individual variation.[36]
Cuban spectacled owl Pulsatrix arredondoi Most recent remains dated to 530–590 CE.[36]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Virgin Islands screech owl Gymnasio nudipes newtoni Virgin Islands Last confirmed record in 1936 in Saint Croix, with an unconfirmed one on Guana Island in 1985. Likely extinct due to forest clearance for agriculture.[33]

Barn-owls (family Tytonidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Puerto Rican barn owl Tyto cavatica Puerto Rico Described from subfossil remains. 1912 reports of cave-nesting owls may refer to this species.[33]
Noel's barn owl Tyto noeli Cuba, Jamaica, and Barbuda Most recent remains at Drum Cave, Jamaica dated to 1900–1600 BCE.[36] Extinct due to deforestation, invasive animals, and loss of prey.[33]
Hispaniolan giant barn owl Tyto ostologa Haiti and southern Dominican Republic A 1788 description of a call and feathers at Pic la Selle may refer to this species. There was also an unconfirmed sighting in the 1970s.[33]
Bahaman giant barn owl Tyto pollens Cuba and Bahamas Described from subfossil remains but may have survived until the 16th century.[33]
Tyto sp. Pinar del Río, Cuba A small, undescribed species known from Late Quaternary remains.[36]

Falcons (order Falconiformes)

Falcons and caracaras (family Falconidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bahaman caracara Caracara creightoni Cuba and Bahamas Most recent remains dated in Bahamas to 470-410 BCE, and in Cuba to 290-430 CE.[36]
Caracara sp. Bahamas Undescribed second caracara species, extinct in the Holocene.[30]
Cuban kestrel Falco kurochkini Cuba Known from Late Quaternary remains.[36]
Milvago carbo Known from Late Quaternary remains at the San Felipe tar pits.[36]
Milvago sp. Similar to the Yellow-headed caracara. Known from fragmentary Late Quaternary remains at the San Felipe tar pits.[36]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Aplomado falcon Falco femoralis New Mexico to Patagonia Extirpated from Cuba, where it is known from Late Quaternary remains,[36] and Bahamas, where it reached the Holocene for certain.[30]

Woodpeckers and allies (order Piciformes)

Woodpeckers (family Picidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Bermuda flicker Colaptes oceanicus Bermuda Last recorded in 1623; the decimation of local birds by feral cats was also noted.[45]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis bairdii Cuba Last confirmed record in 1987. Possible calls were heard on the Sierra Maestra in 1998, but the area is considered too high and outside the historical range of this species.[46]

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Holotropical parrots (family Psittacidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Aruba amazon Amazona barbadensis canifrons Aruba Presumed extinct between 1944 and 1947 due to poisoning by fruit farmers and capture for the exotic pet trade, though it might have survived after this date. There are also doubts about the validity of this subspecies due to variability within the yellow-shouldered amazon species.[33]
Martinique amazon Amazona martinicana Martinique Last recorded in 1779. They were intensely hunted for their meat.[33]
Guadeloupe amazon Amazona violacea Guadeloupe
Culebra Island amazon Amazona vittata gracilipes Culebra Island of Puerto Rico Last collected in 1899. Likely extinct due to persecution as a crop pest and increased mortality by hurricanes as a consequence of deforestation. Another extinct population on Vieques may be a different, undescribed subspecies.[33]
Amazona sp. Antigua Most recent remains dated to around 1500 BCE at Burma Quarry.[27]
St. Croix macaw Ara autocthones Puerto Rico and Saint Croix Known from pre-Columbian subfossil remains.[5]
Lesser Antillean macaw Ara guadeloupensis Guadeloupe Last recorded in Guadeloupe in 1742. Known mostly from written accounts, illustrations, and possible subfossil remains. A 1779 plate possibly represents a captive animal in Europe.[33]
Martinique macaw Ara martinicus Martinique Hypothetical species only known from a short 1630s description by Jesuit Jacques Bouton, though another short 1658 description of "Ara erythrura" is likely the same animal. Some authors consider these introduced blue-and-yellow macaws from South America, while others identify a slightly different macaw painted by Roelant Savery in 1626 as a representation of this species and thus evidence that it actually existed. However, there is no information about the origin of the bird depicted by Savery.[33]
Cuban macaw Ara tricolor Cuba and Juventud Last animals were shot (with reservations) in central Cuba in 1889. Probably extinct due to hunting (though it was recorded as foul-tasting), capture as pets, and habitat destruction. The Jamaican red macaw ("Ara gossei"), named from a single 18th century description and illustration, was likely an introduced Cuban macaw.[33]
Guadeloupe parakeet Psittacara labati Guadeloupe Last recorded in 1742. The causes of extinction are unknown.[33]
Puerto Rican parakeet Psittacara maugei Puerto Rico, Vieques, and Mona Island Last collected on Mona in 1892.[33]

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Chat-tanagers (family Calyptophilidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Gonâve eastern chat-tanager Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti Gonâve Island, Haiti Last recorded in 1977. Likely extinct due to deforestation.[33]
Samaná eastern chat-tanager Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus Samaná Peninsula, Dominican Republic Last recorded in 1982. Likely extinct due to deforestation.[33]

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Puerto Rican crow Corvus pumilis Puerto Rico and Saint Croix Known from subfossil remains. Smaller than the white-necked crow.[33]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
White-necked crow Corvus leucognaphalus Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Saint Croix Extirpated from Puerto Rico and Saint Croix, survives in Hispaniola.[33]

Tanagers (family Thraupidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
St. Kitts bullfinch Melopyrrha grandis Saint Kitts Last collected in 1929. There was an unconfirmed sighting in 1994 and a possible song recorded in 2021. The species could have suffered from hurricanes devastating its mountain forest refugia in 1899, 1924, and 1929, and inability to recover in the lowlands due to deforestation for agriculture, competition with the Lesser Antillean bullfinch, and predation by introduced rats, cats, small Indian mongooses, and green monkeys.[47]

Swallows (family Hirundinidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Jamaican golden swallow Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea Jamaica Last recorded with certainty in 1989, two years after its last major roosting site was destroyed. Likely declined due to deforestation for agriculture.[33]

New World blackbirds (family Icteridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Dolichonyx kruegeri Cuba Known from now lost Late Quaternary remains. Possibly the same as the bobolink (D. oryzivorus), which flies over Cuba during migration but doesn't reside on it.[36]
Grand Cayman oriole Icterus leucopteryx bairdi Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands Last recorded in 1967.[33]

New World sparrows (family Passerellidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Bermuda towhee Pipilio naufragus Bermuda Last recorded in 1609–1610.[33]

Tapaculos (family Rhinocryptidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Scytalopus sp. Cuba Known from Late Quaternary remains.[36]

Wrens (family Troglodytidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Guadeloupe house wren Troglodytes aedon guadeloupensis Guadeloupe Last recorded in 1973. Extinct due to deforestation.[33]
Martinique house wren Troglodytes aedon martinicensis Martinique Last collected in 1886. The causes of extinction are unknown.[33]

Thrushes (family Turdidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Grand Cayman thrush Turdus ravidus Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands Last recorded in 1938.[48]

Tyrant flycatchers (family Tyrannidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Giant kingbird Tyrannus cubensis Cuba, Juventud, and Bahamas Extirpated from Bahamas, survives in a few localities of Cuba and Juventud.[30]

New World warblers (family Parulidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
New Providence yellowthroat Geothlypis rostrata rostrata New Providence, Bahamas Last recorded in the 1990s.[33]
Semper's warbler Leucopeza semperi Saint Lucia mountains Last recorded in 1961. Likely extinct due to predation by the small Indian mongoose.[33]
Bachman's warbler Vermivora bachmanii Southeastern United States and Cuba Last confirmed record in Cuba in 1984, though unconfirmed footage was taken in Guardalavaca in 2002. Declined due to habitat loss caused by deforestation and marshland draining, followed by intensive hunting by bird collectionists as it became rare.[33]

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Crocodilians (order Crocodilia)

Crocodiles (family Crocodylidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cuban crocodile Crocodylus rhombifer Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and the Cayman Islands; possibly also Jamaica Most recent remains in Hispaniola dated to 5480-5370 BCE,[49] the Abaco Islands to 1730-830 BCE,[50] Crooked Island to 1300-1400 CE,[51] and the Caymans to 1030-1585 CE. Historical references to crocodiles on Grand Cayman in 1774 and "alligators" on Great Inagua, Bahamas in 1886 likely refer to this species. Only survives in the Zapata Swamp of western Cuba and the Lanier Swamp of Juventud.[50]

Squamates (order Squamata)

Whiptails (family Teiidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Guadeloupe ameiva Pholidoscelis cineraceus Guadeloupe Last recorded in 1914. Likely extinct due to hunting and introduced predators.[52]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Martinique giant ameiva Pholidoscelis major Petite Terre Islands off Guadeloupe Last collected before 1825. The causes of extinction are unknown.[53]

Curly-tailed lizards (family Leiocephalidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Leeward Islands curlytail Leiocephalus cuneus Antigua and Barbuda Most recent remains dated to around 1500 BCE at Burma Quarry, Antigua.[27]
Navassa curly-tailed lizard Leiocephalus eremitus Navassa Island Not recorded since its description in 1868. The causes of extinction are unknown.[54]
Martinique curlytail lizard Leiocephalus herminieri Martinique Last collected in 1837. The causes of extinction are unknown.[55]

Galliwasps (family Diploglossidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Jamaica giant galliwasp Celestus occiduus Bluefields, Jamaica Last recorded in 1851. Likely declined due to predation by the introduced small Indian mongoose, and destruction of its woody swamp habitat for logging, agriculture, and residential development.[56]

Iguanas and chuckwallas (family Iguanidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Navassa Island iguana Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis Navassa Island Last recorded in 1878. Probably extinct due to hunting by miners, predation by introduced cats, and competition for vegetation with feral goats.[57]

Anoles (family Dactyloidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Virgin Islands giant anole Anolis roosevelti Vieques, Culebra, Saint John, and Tortola Last collected in 1932. The causes of extinction are unknown.[58]

Boas (family Boidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
cf. Boidae Antigua Most recent remains dated to around 1500 BCE at Burma Quarry.[27]

Colubrid snakes (family Colubridae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Saint Croix racer Borikenophis sanctaecrucis Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Last recorded in the late 19th or early 20th century. Likely extinct due to deforestation and predation by introduced mongooses.[59]

Dwarf boas (family Tropidophiidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Navassa Island dwarf boa Tropidophis bucculentus Navassa Island Only known from four specimens collected in the 19th century. The causes of extinction are unknown but may include habitat modification for mining, persecution, and predation by introduced rats and cats.[60]

Turtles and tortoises (order Testudines)

Tortoises (family Testudinidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Abaco tortoise[61] Chelonoidis alburyorum Abaco Islands, Bahamas Most recent remains dated to around 1170 AD.[62]
Cuban giant tortoise[61] Chelonoidis cubensis Cuba Most recent remains dated to 5050-4050 BCE.[4]
Chelonoidis gersoni Hispaniola Known from remains from the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.[63]
Chelonoidis marcanoi
Mona tortoise Chelonoidis monensis Mona Island of Puerto Rico Most recent remains dated to around 1050 BCE.[61]
Caicos giant tortoise Chelonoidis sp. Middle Caicos Most recent remains dated to around 1400 CE.[61]
Turks tortoise Chelonoidis sp. Grand Turk Island Most recent remains dated to around 1200 CE.[61]

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

Frogs (order Anura)

Rain frogs (family Eleutherodactylidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Golden coquí Eleutherodactylus jasperi Sierra de Cayey, Puerto Rico Last recorded in 1981. Probably declined due to chytridiomycosis and less likely to predation by introduced black rats.[64]
Web-footed coquí Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Puerto Rican mountains Last recorded in 1976. The causes of extinction are unknown, though most specimens collected and preserved in the 1960s were later found to have suffered from chytridiomycosis. Predation by small Indian mongooses and black rats is also possible.[65]

Insects (class Insecta)

Butterflies (order Lepidoptera)

Swallowtail butterflies (family Papilionidae)

Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Battus polydamas antiquus Antigua Only known from a painting made in 1770.[27]

Family Uraniidae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sloane's Urania butterfly Urania sloanus Jamaica lowlands Last collected in 1908.[66]

Bark lice, book lice, and parasitic lice (order Psocodea)

Bird body lice (family Menoponidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Psittacobrosus bechsteini Cuba Parasite of the Cuban macaw, co-extinct with its host.[67]
Possibly extinct
Scientific name Range Comments
Austromenopon confine Americas Parasite of the slender-billed curlew.[68]
Saemundssonia jamaicensis Jamaica, Guadeloupe, and Bahamas Parasite of the Jamaican petrel.[68]

Bird chewing lice (family Philopteridae)

Possibly extinct
Scientific name Range Comments
Cummingsiella breviclypeata Americas Parasite of the slender-billed curlew.[68]

Arachnids (class Arachnida)

Order Mesostigmata

Family Halarachnidae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caribbean monk seal nasal mite Halarachne americana Caribbean Sea Extinct with its host.[69]

Order Sarcoptiformes

Family Pteronyssidae

Scientific name Range Comments
Pterotrogus principalis Southern United States and Cuba Parasite of the ivory-billed woodpecker.[68]

Scorpions (order Scorpiones)

Family Buthidae

Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Tityus exstinctus Northern range of Martinique Only known from the holotype collected in 1884. Possibly disappeared due to human activity or the Mount Pelée eruption in 1902.[70]

Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda)

Family Neocyclotidae

Scientific name Range
Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis Guadeloupe[71]
Incerticyclus cinereus Martinique[72]
Incerticyclus martinicensis Martinique[72]

Family Oleacinidae

Scientific name Range
Oleacina guadeloupensis Guadeloupe[73]

Family Pleurodontidae

Scientific name Range Comments
Pleurodonte desidens Martinique Not recorded since its description in 1834.[74]

Plants (kingdom Plantae)

Ferns (class Polypodiopsida)

Ladyferns and allies (family Athyriaceae)

Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Governor Laffan's fern Diplazium laffanianum Caves between Harrington Sound and Paynter's Vale, Bermuda Last recorded in the wild in 1905, probably due to destruction by humans and introduced animals.[75] In 2002 spores were sent to the Henry Doorly Zoo in Omaha, Nebraska, where they were propagated and reintroduced to Bermuda in 2014.[76]

Flowering plants (clade Angiospermae)

Coca plants (family Erythroxylaceae)

Extinct in the wild
Scientific name Range
Erythroxylum minutifolium Cuba[77]

Myrtles (family Myrtaceae)

Scientific name Range
Myrcia skeldingii Mason River, central Jamaica[78]

Coffee trees and relatives (family Rubiaceae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Cuero Guettarda retusa Pinar del Río, Cuba Last recorded in 1869. Likely extinct due to deforestation.[79]

Rues and citrus trees (family Rutaceae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Quina del País Angostura ossana Los Palacios, Pinar del Río, Cuba Last recorded in 1965. Extinct due to overexploitation for its wood and bark.[80]

Willows (family Salicaceae)

Possibly extinct
Scientific name Range Comments
Xylosma serrata White River Valley, Montserrat Only known population destroyed by the eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano in 1997.[81]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. ^ This and many other species in this source have no datation beyond "Late Quaternary"; some may actually represent Pleistocene extinctions. Nevertheless, the author considers that "[m]ost species seem to have become extinct in Cuba, probably during the Late Holocene."[36]

References

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