List of archaeological sites in the Gaza Strip

There are more than 300 archaeological sites in the Gaza Strip.[1] The Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa database contains information on 166 of these sites.[2] The sites span the Chalcolithic (Taur Ikhbeineh) to the contemporary period (Al-Ahli Arab Hospital).

Archaeological sites in Palestine have been administered by various organisations. The Department of Antiquities during the British Mandate in Palestine from 1920 to 1948; from 1948 to 1994 the administration of sites in the Gaza Strip was separate to those in the West Bank and were controlled first by Egypt and then by Israel from 1967. In 1994, the Palestinian Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage was established,[3] with a branch in the Gaza Strip.[4]

During the British Mandate, there was significant archaeological work in Palestine but it was comparatively limited in Gaza. British-led small-scale excavations took place at Tell Harubah (the predecessor to Gaza City) in the 1920s, and in the 1930s Flinders Petrie led excavations at Tell el-Ajjul. While under Egyptian rule there were no major excavations in the Gaza Strip. During the Israeli occupation archaeologists from the university in Beersheba conducted fieldwork at Deir al-Balah and Tell Ruqeish. Archaeologists Jean-Baptiste Humbert and Moain Sadeq suggest the impact of war, different administrations with different archaeological interests and priorities, and a lack of Biblical archaeology have contributed to a relative lack of interest in the region's sites from archaeologists.[5]

List

Site name Additional names Image Coordinates Type Cultural period Description References
Abu Shehab 31°31′40″N 34°28′55″E / 31.5279°N 34.482°E / 31.5279; 34.482 (Abu Shehab)
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [6]
Al Ahli Hospital al-Ahli Arab Hospital 31°30′17″N 34°27′41″E / 31.5046°N 34.4614°E / 31.5046; 34.4614 (Al Ahli Hospital) Government/Administrative Building Contemporary Islamic (MENA) [7]
al Ghussein Mosque 31°30′15″N 34°27′54″E / 31.5042°N 34.4649°E / 31.5042; 34.4649 (al Ghussein Mosque)
  • Mosque/Imam/Marabout,
  • Cemetery
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [8]
Al Mathaf Archaeological Museum 31°32′52″N 34°27′25″E / 31.5478°N 34.4569°E / 31.5478; 34.4569 (Al Mathaf Archaeological Museum) Unknown Unknown [9]
al Qissariya 31°30′15″N 34°27′51″E / 31.5041°N 34.4641°E / 31.5041; 34.4641 (al Qissariya) Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [10]
Al-Basha Palace, Dar Al-Sa'adah Qasr al-Basha
More images
 31°30′16″N 34°27′58″E / 31.5045°N 34.4662°E / 31.5045; 34.4662 (Al-Basha Palace, Dar Al-Sa'adah)
  • Palace/High Status Complex,
  • Fort/Fortress/Castle
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) The palace's first storey dates to the 13th century, and its second storey to the Ottoman period. Its Mamluk decoration includes reliefs of lions, the symbol of Sultan Baybars. [11][12]
Al-Qazmari Mosque Zofor Domri Mosque, Al-Thafar Damri Mosque 31°30′04″N 34°28′03″E / 31.5011°N 34.4675°E / 31.5011; 34.4675 (Al-Qazmari Mosque) Mosque Contemporary Islamic The mosque was built in Mamluk style in about 1360, dated by an inscription above the entrance. It was expanded in 1498. [13][14]
Al-Zaiton Cemetery 31°30′24″N 34°27′35″E / 31.5067°N 34.4596°E / 31.5067; 34.4596 (Al-Zaiton Cemetery) Cemetery Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [15]
Ali Mirwan Mosque Ibn Marwan Mosque
More images
 31°30′15″N 34°28′08″E / 31.5043°N 34.4689°E / 31.5043; 34.4689 (Ali Mirwan Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [16]
Ard-al-Moharbeen necropolis 31°32′55″N 34°27′59″E / 31.54872°N 34.46628°E / 31.54872; 34.46628 Cemetery Classical/Pre-Islamic Roman cemetery used from the 1st and 3rd centuries. 135 graves have been discovered in an area of 3,500 square metres (38,000 sq ft) including two lead sarcophagi – the first of their kind found in Gaza. [17][18]
Anthedon
  • Gaza Ancient port,
  • Tida,
  • al-Blakhiyah
 31°32′48″N 34°27′14″E / 31.5467°N 34.454°E / 31.5467; 34.454 (Anthedon) Port/Harbour
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant),
  • Bronze Age,
  • Iron Age (Levant),
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia)
 [19]
Aybaki Mosque
  • Mosque of Sheikh Abdullah al-Aybaki,
  • Jami ash-Shaykh 'Abdallah al-Aybaki
 31°30′30″N 34°28′08″E / 31.5083°N 34.4688°E / 31.5083; 34.4688 (Aybaki Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [20]
Bab al-Ascalon (east) 31°30′23″N 34°28′01″E / 31.5065°N 34.4669°E / 31.5065; 34.4669 (Bab al-Ascalon (east)) Gateway/Arch/Intersection Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [21]
Bab al-Ascalon (west) 31°30′30″N 34°27′50″E / 31.5082°N 34.4638°E / 31.5082; 34.4638 (Bab al-Ascalon (west)) Gateway/Arch/Intersection Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [22]
Bab al-Bahr 31°30′16″N 34°27′35″E / 31.5044°N 34.4596°E / 31.5044; 34.4596 (Bab al-Bahr) Gateway/Arch/Intersection Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [23]
Bab al-Blakhiyah 31°30′30″N 34°27′43″E / 31.5083°N 34.4619°E / 31.5083; 34.4619 (Bab al-Blakhiyah) Gateway/Arch/Intersection Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [24]
Bab al-Darum 31°30′06″N 34°27′42″E / 31.5018°N 34.4618°E / 31.5018; 34.4618 (Bab al-Darum) Gateway/Arch/Intersection Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [25]
Bab al-Khalil 31°30′12″N 34°28′00″E / 31.5032°N 34.4668°E / 31.5032; 34.4668 (Bab al-Khalil) Gateway/Arch/Intersection Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [26]
Bab al-Minas 31°30′25″N 34°27′38″E / 31.5069°N 34.4606°E / 31.5069; 34.4606 (Bab al-Minas) Gateway/Arch/Intersection Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [27]
Bab al-Muntar 31°30′03″N 34°27′48″E / 31.5007°N 34.4632°E / 31.5007; 34.4632 (Bab al-Muntar) Gateway/Arch/Intersection Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [28]
Bab al-Sharif 31°30′08″N 34°27′58″E / 31.5022°N 34.4662°E / 31.5022; 34.4662 (Bab al-Sharif) Gateway/Arch/Intersection Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [29]
Beit Hanun old town 31°32′29″N 34°32′10″E / 31.5414°N 34.5362°E / 31.5414; 34.5362 (Beit Hanun old town)
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Settlement/Habitation Site
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [30]
Beit Lahiya old town 31°32′58″N 34°29′58″E / 31.5495°N 34.4994°E / 31.5495; 34.4994 (Beit Lahiya old town)
  • Settlement/Habitation Site,
  • House/Dwelling
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [31]
Deir el-Balah Bronze Age cemetery
More images
 31°25′00″N 34°21′06″E / 31.4167°N 34.3518°E / 31.4167; 34.3518 (Deir el-Balah Bronze Age cemetery)
  • Cemetery,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Bronze Age A cemetery covering 3 to 4 hectares (7 to 10 acres) associated with the contemporary settlement at Deir el-Balah. The cemetery was established in the 14th century BCE and likely used into the 12th century BCE. Amongst fifty burials, dozens of antropoid sarcophagi were discovered and many illicitly removed. [32][33][34][35]
Deir el-Balah Old Town 31°25′07″N 34°20′57″E / 31.4185°N 34.3492°E / 31.4185; 34.3492 (Deir el-Balah Old Town)
  • Road/Track,
  • Settlement/Habitation Site,
  • Building,
  • House/Dwelling
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [36]
El Ghazali Mosque 31°30′04″N 34°28′22″E / 31.501°N 34.4729°E / 31.501; 34.4729 (El Ghazali Mosque)
  • Mosque/Imam/Marabout,
  • Minaret
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [37]
El Hawashi Mosque 31°29′58″N 34°28′17″E / 31.4995°N 34.4714°E / 31.4995; 34.4714 (El Hawashi Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [38]
El Mahkanin Mosque, Jami el Mahkameh 31°30′07″N 34°28′08″E / 31.5019°N 34.4689°E / 31.5019; 34.4689 (El Mahkanin Mosque, Jami el Mahkameh)
  • Mosque/Imam/Marabout,
  • Minaret
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [39]
el-Harbish 31°29′46″N 34°24′27″E / 31.496°N 34.4074°E / 31.496; 34.4074 (el-Harbish)
  • Building,
  • Lighthouse
 Unknown [40]
el-Maghazi, Kh. Inseirat 31°25′19″N 34°23′17″E / 31.422°N 34.3881°E / 31.422; 34.3881 (el-Maghazi, Kh. Inseirat) Watchtower/Observation Post Unknown [41]
el-Muntar 31°29′22″N 34°28′22″E / 31.4895°N 34.4727°E / 31.4895; 34.4727 (el-Muntar)
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial,
  • Cemetery
 Unknown [42]
en-Nusairat 31°26′52″N 34°23′02″E / 31.4479°N 34.3838°E / 31.4479; 34.3838 (en-Nusairat)
  • Watchtower/Observation Post,
  • Farm Building
 Unknown [43]
er-Rusum 31°29′46″N 34°29′57″E / 31.496°N 34.4992°E / 31.496; 34.4992 (er-Rusum) Production/Processing (Pottery) Unknown [44]
Es Sidre Mosque 31°30′25″N 34°28′13″E / 31.5069°N 34.4704°E / 31.5069; 34.4704 (Es Sidre Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [45]
Esh Sheik Othman Mosque 31°30′10″N 34°27′48″E / 31.5028°N 34.4634°E / 31.5028; 34.4634 (Esh Sheik Othman Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [46]
esh-Shatt 31°32′18″N 34°27′00″E / 31.5382°N 34.4501°E / 31.5382; 34.4501 (esh-Shatt) Watchtower/Observation Post Unknown [47]
esh-Sheikh 'Abeid 31°23′52″N 34°21′46″E / 31.3977°N 34.3627°E / 31.3977; 34.3627 (esh-Sheikh 'Abeid)
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [48]
esh-Sheikh 'Ajlin 31°30′10″N 34°24′54″E / 31.5027°N 34.415°E / 31.5027; 34.415 (esh-Sheikh 'Ajlin)
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [49]
esh-Sheikh 'Aliya 31°20′44″N 34°19′14″E / 31.3456°N 34.3206°E / 31.3456; 34.3206 (esh-Sheikh 'Aliya)
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [50]
esh-Sheikh 'Umri 31°21′19″N 34°19′56″E / 31.3552°N 34.3323°E / 31.3552; 34.3323 (esh-Sheikh 'Umri)
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [51]
esh-Sheikh Ahmad 31°30′05″N 34°25′05″E / 31.5014°N 34.418°E / 31.5014; 34.418 (esh-Sheikh Ahmad) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [52]
esh-Sheikh Duweir 31°25′11″N 34°21′14″E / 31.4198°N 34.354°E / 31.4198; 34.354 (esh-Sheikh Duweir)
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial,
  • Mosque/Imam/Marabout,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [53]
esh-Sheikh en-Nagiyah 31°34′21″N 34°29′52″E / 31.5726°N 34.4978°E / 31.5726; 34.4978 (esh-Sheikh en-Nagiyah) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [54]
esh-Sheikh Hasan 31°31′51″N 34°26′22″E / 31.5307°N 34.4394°E / 31.5307; 34.4394 (esh-Sheikh Hasan)
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [55]
esh-Sheikh Mohammad el-Yamani 31°24′45″N 34°20′30″E / 31.4126°N 34.3418°E / 31.4126; 34.3418 (esh-Sheikh Mohammad el-Yamani)
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [56]
esh-Sheikh Nabhan 31°25′34″N 34°25′27″E / 31.426°N 34.4242°E / 31.426; 34.4242 (esh-Sheikh Nabhan)
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [57]
esh-Sheikh Sa'd el-Ensar 31°32′32″N 34°30′45″E / 31.5421°N 34.5125°E / 31.5421; 34.5125 (esh-Sheikh Sa'd el-Ensar) Building Unknown [58]
esh-Sheikh Sara 31°19′13″N 34°20′42″E / 31.3202°N 34.345°E / 31.3202; 34.345 (esh-Sheikh Sara)
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [59]
esh-Sheikh Shubani 31°27′15″N 34°22′13″E / 31.4541°N 34.3704°E / 31.4541; 34.3704 (esh-Sheikh Shubani)
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [60]
esh-Sheikh Sulaiman Rafah 31°17′53″N 34°14′32″E / 31.298°N 34.2421°E / 31.298; 34.2421 (esh-Sheikh Sulaiman Rafah)
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [61]
esh-Sheikh Umm en-Nasr 31°33′00″N 34°31′27″E / 31.5499°N 34.5241°E / 31.5499; 34.5241 (esh-Sheikh Umm en-Nasr) Building Unknown [62]
esh-Sheikh Yusuf 31°20′33″N 34°19′25″E / 31.3424°N 34.3236°E / 31.3424; 34.3236 (esh-Sheikh Yusuf)
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [63]
esh-Sheikha Amina 31°19′28″N 34°21′09″E / 31.3244°N 34.3525°E / 31.3244; 34.3525 (esh-Sheikha Amina)
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [64]
Gaza City Walls 31°30′30″N 34°27′42″E / 31.5082°N 34.4618°E / 31.5082; 34.4618 (Gaza City Walls) Ramparts/Fortification/ Defensive Earthwork
  • Bronze Age,
  • Iron Age (Levant),
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic,
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia),
 [65]
Gaza Old City 31°29′46″N 34°27′59″E / 31.4961°N 34.4663°E / 31.4961; 34.4663 (Gaza Old City)
  • Building,
  • Settlement/Habitation Site,
  • Church/Chapel,
  • Mosque/Imam/Marabout,
  • Market/Commercial Unit,
  • Government/Administrative Building,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine,
  • Cemetery,
  • Mosque/Madrasa Complex,
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Road/Track,
  • Tell
  • Bronze Age,
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant),
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia)
 [66]
Great al-Umar Mosque, Temple of Marna
More images
 31°30′15″N 34°27′51″E / 31.5041°N 34.4641°E / 31.5041; 34.4641 (Great al-Umar Mosque, Temple of Marna)
  • Mosque/Imam/Marabout,
  • Church/Chapel,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic,
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia)
 [67]
Hakurat 'Abd el-Hamid 31°28′33″N 34°28′33″E / 31.4759°N 34.4758°E / 31.4759; 34.4758 (Hakurat 'Abd el-Hamid)
  • Watchtower/Observation Post,
  • Farm Building
 Unknown [68]
Hammam el-Ushabir 31°30′12″N 34°27′53″E / 31.5033°N 34.4647°E / 31.5033; 34.4647 (Hammam el-Ushabir)
  • Bath-house,
  • Sub-surface Material
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia),
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant)
 [69]
Hamman al Samara
More images
 31°30′13″N 34°27′50″E / 31.5037°N 34.4638°E / 31.5037; 34.4638 (Hamman al Samara) Bath-house Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [70]
Ibn Othman Mosque
More images
 31°30′00″N 34°28′10″E / 31.5001°N 34.4694°E / 31.5001; 34.4694 (Ibn Othman Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [71]
Jabaliya Byzantine Church 31°31′31″N 34°29′58″E / 31.5253°N 34.4994°E / 31.5253; 34.4994 (Jabaliya Byzantine Church) Church/Chapel Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant) Basilica church used from the 5th century to the 8th when it was targeted by iconoclasts. The main survivals were the mosaic floors. [72][73][74]
Jabaliya old town 31°31′35″N 34°29′03″E / 31.5265°N 34.4841°E / 31.5265; 34.4841 (Jabaliya old town)
  • Building,
  • Settlement/Habitation Site,
  • Road/Track,
  • House/Dwelling
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [75]
Jami esh Sham'ah 31°30′06″N 34°27′42″E / 31.5018°N 34.4618°E / 31.5018; 34.4618 (Jami esh Sham'ah) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [76]
Jami Katig el Wilaya 31°30′15″N 34°27′44″E / 31.5041°N 34.4622°E / 31.5041; 34.4622 (Jami Katig el Wilaya) Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [77]
Jemia Well 31°30′14″N 34°28′08″E / 31.504°N 34.4689°E / 31.504; 34.4689 (Jemia Well) Well Unknown [78]
Khan Abu Khadra 31°30′21″N 34°27′45″E / 31.5059°N 34.4624°E / 31.5059; 34.4624 (Khan Abu Khadra) Market/Commercial Unit Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [79]
Khan el Ma'arif 31°30′23″N 34°27′43″E / 31.5063°N 34.4619°E / 31.5063; 34.4619 (Khan el Ma'arif) Market/Commercial Unit Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [80]
Khan es Zeit 31°30′13″N 34°27′50″E / 31.5037°N 34.4638°E / 31.5037; 34.4638 (Khan es Zeit) Market/Commercial Unit Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [81]
Khan Yunus 31°20′45″N 34°18′39″E / 31.3457°N 34.3108°E / 31.3457; 34.3108 (Khan Yunus)
  • Watchtower/Observation Post,
  • Caravanserai/Khan
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [82]
Khirbet Abu Qashta 31°15′41″N 34°15′51″E / 31.2613°N 34.2642°E / 31.2613; 34.2642 (Khirbet Abu Qashta)
  • Farm Building,
  • House/Dwelling
 Unknown [83]
Khirbet Aslan 31°33′00″N 34°29′34″E / 31.55°N 34.4928°E / 31.55; 34.4928 (Khirbet Aslan)
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Building
 Unknown [84]
Khirbet el-'Adas 31°17′08″N 34°16′31″E / 31.2856°N 34.2752°E / 31.2856; 34.2752 (Khirbet el-'Adas)
  • Building,
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Farm Building
 Unknown [85]
Khirbet el-Bard 31°16′51″N 34°18′06″E / 31.2808°N 34.3016°E / 31.2808; 34.3016 (Khirbet el-Bard)
  • Farm Building,
  • Grove/Garden/Orchard,
  • House/Dwelling
 Unknown [86]
Khirbet el-Bureij 31°26′44″N 34°24′32″E / 31.4455°N 34.4088°E / 31.4455; 34.4088 (Khirbet el-Bureij)
  • Farm Building,
  • Building
 Unknown [87]
Khirbet el-Esra' 31°14′48″N 34°16′34″E / 31.2466°N 34.2762°E / 31.2466; 34.2762 (Khirbet el-Esra')
  • Farm Building,
  • Field System,
  • House/Dwelling
 Unknown [88]
Khirbet en-Nuseira 31°27′24″N 34°26′32″E / 31.4567°N 34.4422°E / 31.4567; 34.4422 (Khirbet en-Nuseira)
  • Farm Building,
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Building
 Unknown [89]
Khirbet er-Rasm, el-Khirbeh 31°26′12″N 34°24′48″E / 31.4367°N 34.4133°E / 31.4367; 34.4133 (Khirbet er-Rasm, el-Khirbeh)
  • Farm Building,
  • Building,
  • House/Dwelling
 Unknown [90]
Khirbet es-Sawaqi 31°31′25″N 34°29′20″E / 31.5236°N 34.489°E / 31.5236; 34.489 (Khirbet es-Sawaqi)
  • Tell,
  • House/Dwelling
 Unknown [91]
Khirbet es-Sira 31°26′51″N 34°25′56″E / 31.4474°N 34.4321°E / 31.4474; 34.4321 (Khirbet es-Sira)
  • Farm Building,
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Building
 Unknown [92]
Khirbet esh-Shallouf 31°27′59″N 34°25′45″E / 31.4665°N 34.4293°E / 31.4665; 34.4293 (Khirbet esh-Shallouf)
  • Farm Building,
  • Building,
  • House/Dwelling
 Unknown [93]
Khirbet Ikhza'a 31°18′16″N 34°21′24″E / 31.3044°N 34.3568°E / 31.3044; 34.3568 (Khirbet Ikhza'a)
  • Farm Building,
  • Grove/Garden/Orchard,
  • House/Dwelling
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant),
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia)
 [94]
Khirbet Rafah 31°17′54″N 34°14′33″E / 31.2984°N 34.2426°E / 31.2984; 34.2426 (Khirbet Rafah)
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Farm Building
 Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant) [95]
Khirbet Souq Mazen 31°21′52″N 34°21′06″E / 31.3644°N 34.3517°E / 31.3644; 34.3517 (Khirbet Souq Mazen)
  • Production/Processing (Agricultural),
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Farm Building
 Unknown [96]
Khirbet Zeita 31°33′07″N 34°33′00″E / 31.552°N 34.55°E / 31.552; 34.55 (Khirbet Zeita) Tell Unknown [97]
Latin Convent 31°30′08″N 34°27′52″E / 31.5021°N 34.4645°E / 31.5021; 34.4645 (Latin Convent) Monastic Complex
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia),
  • Contemporary Islamic (MENA)
 [98]
Maioumas 31°31′49″N 34°26′24″E / 31.5304°N 34.44°E / 31.5304; 34.44 (Maioumas)
  • Settlement/Habitation Site,
  • Port/Harbour,
  • Ramparts/Fortification/ Defensive Earthwork,
  • Synagogue
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant),
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia)
 Includes the 6th-century Gaza synagogue [99]
Maqam el-Khader 31°25′07″N 34°21′12″E / 31.4186°N 34.3534°E / 31.4186; 34.3534 (Maqam el-Khader)
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [100]
Maqam el-Khalili 31°19′21″N 34°20′50″E / 31.3225°N 34.3473°E / 31.3225; 34.3473 (Maqam el-Khalili)
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [101]
Qa' el-Khirbeh 31°18′53″N 34°18′32″E / 31.3146°N 34.309°E / 31.3146; 34.309 (Qa' el-Khirbeh)
  • Grove/Garden/Orchard,
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Farm Building
 Unknown [102]
Qalaat Barquq Khan Younis
More images
 31°20′35″N 34°18′12″E / 31.3431°N 34.3032°E / 31.3431; 34.3032 (Qalaat Barquq) Fort/Fortress/Castle Islamic (Levant/Arabia) A caravanserai (also called a khan) along the route of the Via Maris that gave shelter to travellers and traders. An example of Mamluk architecture, was named after its builder and contained a mosque. [103][104]
Qasr al-Saqqa 31°30′02″N 34°28′06″E / 31.5005°N 34.4682°E / 31.5005; 34.4682 (Qasr al-Saqqa) House Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [105]
Rafah 31°17′50″N 34°14′35″E / 31.2972°N 34.243°E / 31.2972; 34.243 (Rafah)
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial,
  • Temple/Sanctuary/Shrine
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [106]
Rafia, Tell Zu'roub 31°18′01″N 34°14′13″E / 31.3004°N 34.237°E / 31.3004; 34.237 (Rafia, Tell Zu'roub)
  • Tell,
  • Building,
  • House/Dwelling
 Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant) [107]
Reyad al-Alami 31°30′19″N 34°27′54″E / 31.5053°N 34.4649°E / 31.5053; 34.4649 (Reyad al-Alami) House Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [108]
Sabil Al-Rifaiya 31°30′14″N 34°27′58″E / 31.5038°N 34.4662°E / 31.5038; 34.4662 (Sabil Al-Rifaiya) Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [109]
Saiyid el Bawdawi mosque 31°30′26″N 34°27′54″E / 31.5072°N 34.465°E / 31.5072; 34.465 (Saiyid el Bawdawi mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [110]
Saqiyat el Qasr 31°29′52″N 34°26′47″E / 31.4979°N 34.4464°E / 31.4979; 34.4464 (Saqiyat el Qasr)
  • Water Control Mechanism/Feature,
  • Fort/Fortress/Castle
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [111]
Sayed al-Hashim Mosque
More images
 31°30′28″N 34°27′47″E / 31.5079°N 34.4631°E / 31.5079; 34.4631 (Sayaid Hashim Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [112]
Sayeda Ruqayya Mosque 31°30′00″N 34°28′13″E / 31.5°N 34.4703°E / 31.5; 34.4703 (Sayeda Ruqayya Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Classical/Pre-Islamic [113]
Sheik Bashir Mosque 31°30′21″N 34°28′17″E / 31.5058°N 34.4715°E / 31.5058; 34.4715 (Sheik Bashir) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [114]
Sheik Kalid Mosque 31°30′31″N 34°27′44″E / 31.5086°N 34.4621°E / 31.5086; 34.4621 (Sheik Kalid Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [115]
Sheik Shaban Mosque 31°30′24″N 34°27′40″E / 31.5067°N 34.461°E / 31.5067; 34.461 (Sheik Shaban Mosque)
  • Mosque/Imam/Marabout,
  • Cemetery,
  • Tomb/Grave/Burial
 Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [116]
Sheik Zakari Mosque 31°30′32″N 34°27′39″E / 31.5088°N 34.4609°E / 31.5088; 34.4609 (Sheik Zakari Mosque) Mosque/Imam/Marabout Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [117]
St Porphyrius Orthodox Church
More images
 31°30′14″N 34°27′44″E / 31.5038°N 34.4622°E / 31.5038; 34.4622 (St Porphyrius Orthodox Church) Church/Chapel Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant) [118]
Tareq bin Zayed Mosque 31°29′33″N 34°28′25″E / 31.4926°N 34.4735°E / 31.4926; 34.4735 (Tareq bin Zayed Mosque) Tomb/Grave/Burial Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [119]
Taur Ikhbeineh 31°27′13″N 34°24′51″E / 31.4537°N 34.4141°E / 31.4537; 34.4141 (Taur Ikhbeineh) Tell Chalcolithic (Levant) A settlement inhabited in the 34th century BCE, providing evidence of interactions between Egyptians and Canaanites. [120][121]
Tell er-Ruqeish Tell 'Akluk
More images
 31°25′01″N 34°19′37″E / 31.417°N 34.3269°E / 31.417; 34.3269 (Tell 'Akluk, Tell er-Ruqeish)
  • Ramparts/Fortification/ Defensive Earthwork,
  • Cemetery,
  • Tell
 Iron Age (Levant) A Phoenician settlement and necropolis established in the 8th centuries BC as a fortified city. The settlement later came under Persian control and the city walls fell out of use. [122][123][124][125]
Tell Abu el-Hawa 31°32′12″N 34°26′42″E / 31.5366°N 34.4451°E / 31.5366; 34.4451 (Tell Abu el-Hawa) Tell Unknown [126]
Tell Ali Muntar 31°29′26″N 34°28′25″E / 31.4905°N 34.4735°E / 31.4905; 34.4735 (Tell Ali Muntar)
  • Tell,
  • Settlement/Habitation Site
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant),
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia),
  • Bronze Age
 The settlement is thought to have been inhabited in the Bronze Age, and is traditionally linked to the Philistines. The site has not been excavated. [127][128][129]
Tell el-Ajjul
  • Tell al-'Ajjul,
  • Bethaglaim,
  • Tell el-Nekeiz,
  • Tell el 'Ujul
More images
 31°27′59″N 34°24′26″E / 31.4663°N 34.4073°E / 31.4663; 34.4073 (Tell el-Ajjul)
  • Tell,
  • House/Dwelling
  • Bronze Age,
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant),
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia)
 The remains of a Canaanite city inhabited in the Bronze Age. Likely replaced Tell es-Sakan. [130][131][132]
Tell el-Burki 31°31′40″N 34°26′30″E / 31.5278°N 34.4417°E / 31.5278; 34.4417 (Tell el-Burki) Tell Unknown [133]
Tell el-Fajam 31°20′22″N 34°20′56″E / 31.3395°N 34.3489°E / 31.3395; 34.3489 (Tell el-Fajam) Tell Unknown [134]
Tell el-Fukhari 31°17′18″N 34°19′19″E / 31.2882°N 34.3219°E / 31.2882; 34.3219 (Tell el-Fukhari) Tell Unknown [135]
Tell el-Harrash 31°25′16″N 34°19′58″E / 31.421°N 34.3328°E / 31.421; 34.3328 (Tell el-Harrash)
  • Ramparts/Fortification/ Defensive Earthwork,
  • Tell
 Unknown [136]
Tell el-Jenan 31°21′42″N 34°15′54″E / 31.3618°N 34.2651°E / 31.3618; 34.2651 (Tell el-Jenan) Tell Unknown [137]
Tell el-Khirbeh 31°32′47″N 34°30′42″E / 31.5464°N 34.5116°E / 31.5464; 34.5116 (Tell el-Khirbeh) Tell Unknown [138]
Tell el-Masabih 31°18′13″N 34°16′25″E / 31.3037°N 34.2737°E / 31.3037; 34.2737 (Tell el-Masabih)
  • Ramparts/Fortification/ Defensive Earthwork,
  • Tell
 Unknown [139]
Tell el-Mukheimal 31°18′05″N 34°18′24″E / 31.3013°N 34.3068°E / 31.3013; 34.3068 (Tell el-Mukheimal)
  • Ramparts/Fortification/ Defensive Earthwork,
  • Tell
 Unknown [140]
Tell el-Qatifa 31°23′51″N 34°18′19″E / 31.3976°N 34.3052°E / 31.3976; 34.3052 (Tell el-Qatifa)
  • House/Dwelling,
  • Tell
 Bronze Age [141]
Tell es-Sakan
More images
 31°28′35″N 34°24′20″E / 31.4764°N 34.4055°E / 31.4764; 34.4055 (Tell es-Sakan) Tell Bronze Age The remains of two settlements: an Egyptian city (inhabited c. 3300–3000 BCE) succeeded by a Canaanite settlement (inhabited c. 2600–2250 BCE). [142][143]
Tell es-Sanam 31°27′49″N 34°23′03″E / 31.4636°N 34.3841°E / 31.4636; 34.3841 (Tell es-Sanam) Tell Iron Age (Levant) A settlement and probable port suggested to have been the successor to Tell el-Ajjul. Late Bronze Age and Iron Age pottery has been recovered from the site. [144][145][146]
Tell esh-Sheikh Radwan 31°31′39″N 34°27′28″E / 31.5274°N 34.4578°E / 31.5274; 34.4578 (Tell esh-Sheikh Radwan)
  • Tell,
  • Ramparts/Fortification/ Defensive Earthwork
 Unknown [147]
Tell et Tineh 31°30′10″N 34°25′12″E / 31.5029°N 34.42°E / 31.5029; 34.42 (Tell et Tineh) Tell Bronze Age [148]
Tell et-Tin 31°28′33″N 34°25′00″E / 31.4758°N 34.4167°E / 31.4758; 34.4167 (Tell et-Tin) Tell Bronze Age [149]
Tell eth-Thahab 31°33′05″N 34°30′06″E / 31.5515°N 34.5016°E / 31.5515; 34.5016 (Tell eth-Thahab) Tell Unknown [150]
Tell Haboula 31°20′30″N 34°20′55″E / 31.3418°N 34.3487°E / 31.3418; 34.3487 (Tell Haboula)
  • Tell,
  • Ramparts/Fortification/ Defensive Earthwork
 Unknown [151]
Tell Nejid, Tell es-Sanam 31°27′49″N 34°22′59″E / 31.4637°N 34.3831°E / 31.4637; 34.3831 (Tell Nejid, Tell es Sanam) Tell Unknown [152]
Tell Rafah 31°19′24″N 34°13′10″E / 31.3233°N 34.2194°E / 31.3233; 34.2194 (Tell Rafah) Tell
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant),
  • Iron Age (Levant)
 [153]
Tell Ridan 31°22′55″N 34°17′13″E / 31.382°N 34.2869°E / 31.382; 34.2869 (Tell Ridan)
  • Ramparts/Fortification/ Defensive Earthwork,
  • Tell
 Unknown [154]
Tell Tin Fanis 31°34′18″N 34°30′44″E / 31.5716°N 34.5121°E / 31.5716; 34.5121 (Tell Tin Fanis) Tell Unknown [155]
Tell Umm 'Amer, The Monastery of Saint Hilarion Umm et-Tut
More images
 31°26′53″N 34°21′59″E / 31.448°N 34.3664°E / 31.448; 34.3664 (Tell Umm 'Amer, The Monastery of Saint Hilarion)
  • Church/Chapel,
  • Monastic Complex
  • Classical/Pre-Islamic (Levant),
  • Islamic (Levant/Arabia)
 A site contains the remains of the 4th-century Saint Hilarion Monastery and the settlement of Tabatha. The site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [156][157][158]
Tulul el-Humr 31°29′08″N 34°24′59″E / 31.4856°N 34.4163°E / 31.4856; 34.4163 (Tulul el-Humr) Tell Unknown [159]
Turbat esh Sheik Hyas 31°30′01″N 34°27′51″E / 31.5004°N 34.4641°E / 31.5004; 34.4641 (Turbat esh Sheik Hyas) Tomb/Grave/Burial Islamic (Levant/Arabia) [160]
Umm el-Hajar 31°24′12″N 34°19′21″E / 31.4033°N 34.3225°E / 31.4033; 34.3225 (Umm el-Hajar)
  • Farm Building,
  • Watchtower/Observation Post
 Unknown [161]
Umm et Tell 31°33′19″N 34°29′43″E / 31.5552°N 34.4952°E / 31.5552; 34.4952 (Umm et Tell) Tell Unknown [162]
Wadi Gaza
More images
 31°27′53″N 34°22′35″E / 31.4648°N 34.3763°E / 31.4648; 34.3763 (Wadi Gaza)
  • Boundary/Barrier,
  • Channel
 Neolithic (Levant) [163]
Zeita 31°30′36″N 34°29′46″E / 31.51°N 34.4962°E / 31.51; 34.4962 (Zeita)
  • Watchtower/Observation Post,
  • Farm Building
 Unknown [164]

See also

References

  1. ^ Abu Alsaud 2025, p. 41.
  2. ^ Deadman 2024.
  3. ^ Taha 2010, pp. 17–18.
  4. ^ Shuttleworth 2014.
  5. ^ Humbert & Sadeq 2000, p. 15.
  6. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186219". Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa database. Retrieved 2025-11-06.
  7. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0237175". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  8. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253412". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  9. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0238504". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  10. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253513". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  11. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0249381". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  12. ^ "The Pasha's Palace Museum (Gaza)" (PDF), Focus, vol. 1, pp. 18–19, 2004
  13. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253551". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  14. ^ Sadeq 1991, pp. 152–154, 371.
  15. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253452". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  16. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253454". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  17. ^ Adwan 2023.
  18. ^ Elter 2025.
  19. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186596". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  20. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253463". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  21. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253556". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  22. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253555". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  23. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253552". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  24. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253554". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  25. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253560". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  26. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253557". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  27. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253553". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  28. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253559". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  29. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253558". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  30. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187558". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  31. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187503". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  32. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186177". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  33. ^ Dothan 1978, p. 3, 99, 103.
  34. ^ Dothan & Brandl 2010, pp. 4–5.
  35. ^ Beit-Arieh 1985, p. 43: "Prior to [excavations in 1972], some 40 anthropoid coffins had been illicitly recovered from the cemetery, some of which were acquired by the late Moshe Dayan for his private collection".
  36. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187282". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  37. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253428". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  38. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253427". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  39. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253426". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  40. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186981". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  41. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187267". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  42. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187224". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  43. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187223". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  44. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186287". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  45. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253400". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  46. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253416". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  47. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187541". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  48. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187438". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  49. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187457". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  50. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186784". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  51. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187592". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  52. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187673". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  53. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187693". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  54. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186994". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  55. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186600". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  56. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186573". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  57. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186448". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  58. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186644". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  59. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186367". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  60. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186974". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  61. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186343". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  62. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187692". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  63. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186160". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  64. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186765". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  65. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0239704". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  66. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186207". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  67. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0239702". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  68. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186920". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  69. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-025345". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  70. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253408". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  71. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253403". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  72. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0239701". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  73. ^ Humbert 1999, pp. 216–218.
  74. ^ Humbert et al. 2000, p. 121.
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  76. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253417". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  77. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253413". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  78. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0239706". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  79. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253411". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  80. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253410". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  81. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253407". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  82. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187401". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  83. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186892". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  84. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186856". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  85. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186939". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  86. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186457". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  87. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186746". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  88. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187203". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  89. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187626". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  90. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187610". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  91. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187589". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  92. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186622". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  93. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187023". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  94. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186244". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  95. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186871". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  96. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187184". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  97. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187001". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
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  99. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0249537". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
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  101. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187542". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  102. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186613". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
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  104. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0249133". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  105. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253529". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
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  107. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187597". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  108. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253524". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  109. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253512". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  110. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253402". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  111. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253520". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  112. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0239703". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  113. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253511". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  114. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253404". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  115. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253406". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  116. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253409". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  117. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253405". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  118. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0237174". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  119. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0253516". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  120. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0187377". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
  121. ^ Oren & Yekutieli 1992, pp. 363, 373–375, 381.
  122. ^ Sadeq 2014, pp. 249–250.
  123. ^ Huster 2000, pp. 87–88.
  124. ^ Negev & Gibson 2001, p. 444.
  125. ^ "Heritage Place - EAMENA-0186935". database.eamena.org. Retrieved 2025-11-10.
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Bibliography

Further reading

  • Humbert, Jean-Baptiste, ed. (2000). Gaza Méditerranéenne: Histoire et archéologie en Palestine. Éditions Errance. ISBN 978-2-87772-196-7.
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