List of animals by number of legs

The following is a list of selected animals in order of increasing number of legs, from 0 legs to 653 pairs of legs, the maximum recorded in the animal kingdom.[1] Each entry provides the relevant taxa up to the rank of phylum. Each entry also provides the common name of the animal. If the relevant taxon includes different animals with different common names, then the entry provides the common name of a familiar example.

If juveniles have fewer legs than adults, then the animal is listed by the number of legs recorded in mature adults. If this number varies among adults within the taxon, then this variation is noted in a comment. In counting legs, this list follows conventions adopted in the relevant literature. For example, millipedes with gonopods are listed by numbers that exclude leg pairs that become gonopods, but numbers for millipedes with telopods include leg pairs that become telopods.[2][3][4]

Animals have been selected so that each number from 0 to 55 leg pairs has one example listed. Each of these examples is listed by a number closely associated with the relevant taxon, either because that number is the one most commonly observed in that taxon or because that number is one of only a few recorded for the taxon. Beyond 55 leg pairs, intraspecific variation in leg number increases, and the association between species and any particular number breaks down.[5][6] Beyond 55 leg pairs, examples are listed only if they represent especially significant maximum numbers (e.g., most legs in the animal kingdom) or exhibit relatively little intraspecific variation in leg number.

This list draws examples from three broad groups of animals: tetrapods (with 0 to 2 leg pairs,[7][8] providing three examples), velvet worms (with 13 to 43 leg pairs,[9] providing ten examples), and arthropods (adults with 3 to 653 leg pairs,[10][1] providing all the other examples). Four classes of arthropods each provide multiple examples, including sea spiders (adults with 4 to 6 leg pairs,[11] providing two examples) and pauropods (adults with 8 to 11 leg pairs,[12] providing four examples), but most of the examples listed are either millipedes (adults with 11 to 653 leg pairs)[5][1] or centipedes (adults with 15 to 191 leg pairs).[5] Most of the millipede examples come from two orders, Polydesmida (flat-backed millipedes, providing four examples) and Chordeumatida (sausage millipedes, providing eight examples), each with some variation in leg number among species but little variation within species.[3] Nearly all of the centipede examples come from only one order, Geophilomorpha (soil centipedes), which exhibits wide variation in leg number among species (from 27 to 191 leg pairs).[13] Nearly all of the examples from the order Geophilomorpha come from three families of soil centipedes (Mecistocephalidae, Schendylidae, and Geophilidae) that exhibit relatively little intraspecific variation in leg number.[14][6]

List of animals by number of legs

Number of legs Taxa Common name Comments Image
0 Serpentes (suborder), Squamata (order), Reptilia (class), Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum)[7] snake
1 pair Aves (class), Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum)[15] bird
2 pairs Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subpylum), Chordata (phylum)[8] mammal, for example 2 pairs in most species; some taxa have fewer
3 pairs Hexapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[10] insect, for example
4 pairs Arachnida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[10] spider, for example
5 pairs Pentapycnon (genus), Pycnogonidae (family), Pantopoda (order), Pycnogonida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[16] sea spider
6 pairs Sexanymphon mirabilis (monotypic genus & species), Nymphonidae (family), Pantopoda (order), Pycnogonida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[17] sea spider
7 pairs Isopoda (order), Malacostraca (class), Crustacea (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[10] woodlouse, for example 7 pairs in most species; some taxa have fewer[18]
8 pairs Aletopauropus (genus), Brachypauropodidae (family), Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[12] pauropod
9 pairs Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) pauropod 9 pairs in most species; some taxa deviate from this number[3][12]
10 pairs Decapauropus cuenoti (genus & type species), Pauropodidae (family), Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) pauropod 9 or 10 pairs in females (usually 9); 9 pairs in males[19]
11 pairs Millotauropus (genus), Millotauropodidae (monotypic family), Hexamerocerata (monotypic order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[3][12] pauropod
12 pairs Symphyla (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) symphylan 12 pairs in most species; some taxa have fewer[20]
13 pairs Polyxenida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) bristly millipede 13 pairs in most species; some taxa deviate from this number[21]
14 pairs Ooperipatellus viridimaculatus (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum)[22] velvet worm
15 pairs Scutigeromorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[23] house centipede
16 pairs Peripatoides suteri (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum)[24] velvet worm
17 pairs Glomerida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) northern pill millipede 17 pairs in females; 19 pairs in males (including 1 pair or 2 pairs of telopods)[25]
18 pairs Peripatopsis alba (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum)[26] velvet worm
19 pairs Typhloperipatus williamsoni (monotypic genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum) velvet worm minimum in family;[9] 19 or 20 pairs in males (usually 19); 20 pairs in females[27]
20 pairs Peripatopsis collarium (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum)[28] velvet worm
21 pairs Sphaerotheriida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) giant pill millipede 21 pairs in females; 23 pairs in males (including 2 pairs of telopods)[25]
22 pairs Metaperipatus inae (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum) velvet worm 22 pairs in females; 20 pairs in males[9]
23 pairs Scolopocryptopidae (family), Scolopendromorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[23] bark centipede
24 pairs Eoperipatus totoro (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum) velvet worm 24 pairs in females; 23 pairs in males[29]
25 pairs Eoperipatus horsti (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum) velvet worm 24 or 25 pairs in females; 23 or 24 pairs in males (usually 23)[30][31]
26 pairs Agenodesmus reticulatus (genus & type species), Fuhrmannodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) flat-backed millipede 26 pairs in males (excluding 1 pair of gonopods); 27 pairs in females[3]
27 pairs Schendylops ramirezi (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede minimum in order; 27 pairs in males; 29 pairs in females[13]
28 pairs Brachydesmus superus (genus & species), Polydesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) flat-backed millipede 28 pairs in males (excluding 1 pair of gonopods); 29 pairs in females[2][3][4]
29 pairs Dinogeophilus oligopodus (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[13] soil centipede
30 pairs Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) flat-backed millipede usually 30 pairs in males (excluding 1 pair of gonopods); usually 31 pairs in females; some taxa deviate from these numbers[2][3][4]
31 pairs Mesochendyla javanica (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 31 pairs in males; 31 or 33 pairs in females (usually 31)[32]
32 pairs Devillea tuberculata (genus & type species), Xystodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) flat-backed millipede 32 pairs in males (excluding 1 pair of gonopods); 35 pairs in females[33][3]
33 pairs Geophilus hadesi (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[34] soil centipede
34 pairs Mongeperipatus solorzanoi (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum) velvet worm 34 pairs in males; 39 to 41 pairs in females (usually 41)[35]
35 pairs Escaryus molodovae (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[36][37] soil centipede
36 pairs Glomeridesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) slug millipede usually 36 pairs in females; usually 35 pairs in males (including 1 pair of telepods);[25] some taxa deviate from these numbers[38][39]
37 pairs Escaryus vitimicus (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[36][37] soil centipede
38 pairs Epiperipatus titanicus (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum) velvet worm 36 to 38 pairs in males; 36 to 39 pairs in females[40]
39 pairs Escaryus polygonatus (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[36][37] soil centipede
40 pairs Chamaesoma broelemanni (monotypic genus & species), Chamaesomatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) sausage millipede 40 pairs in males (excluding 2 pairs of gonopods); 42 pairs in females[41][3]
41 pairs Nannarrup (genus), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[42] soil centipede
42 pairs Xystrosoma santllorence (genus & species), Chamaesomatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) sausage millipede 42 pairs in females; 40 pairs in males (excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[43]
43 pairs Dicellophilus carniolensis (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[44] soil centipede
44 pairs Haasea hungarica (genus & species), Haaseidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) sausage millipede 44 pairs in males (excluding 2 pairs of gonopods); 46 pairs in females[3]
45 pairs Dicellophilus limatus (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[44] soil centipede
46 pairs Lipseuma (genus), Kashmireumatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) sausage millipede 46 pairs in females; 44 pairs in males (excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[45]
47 pairs Mecistocephalus tahitiensis (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[46] soil centipede
48 pairs Tianella (genus), Entomobielziidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) sausage millipede usually 48 pairs in females; usually 46 pairs in males (excluding 2 pairs of gonopods); some species deviate from these numbers[47]
49 pairs Mecistocephalus (genus), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 49 pairs in most species; some species deviate from this number[48][46]
50 pairs Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) sausage millipede usually 50 pairs in females; usually 48 pairs in males (excluding 2 pairs of gonopods); some taxa deviate from these numbers[2][3]
51 pairs Mecistocephalus lifuensis (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[46] soil centipede
52 pairs Metamastigophorophyllon (genus), Anthroleucosomatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) sausage millipede 52 pairs in females; 50 pairs in males (excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[49][25][3]
53 pairs Krateraspis sselivanovi (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[46] soil centipede
54 pairs Neocambrisoma raveni (genus & type species), Metopidiotrichidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) sausage millipede maximum in class fixed by species;[5] 54 pairs in females; 51 pairs in males (excluding 3 pairs modified as gonopods or paragonopods)[50]
55 pairs Mesoschendyla cribrifera (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[51] soil centipede
57 pairs Mecistocephalus diversisternus (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 57 or 59 pairs in each sex[52]
59 pairs Mecistocephalus smithii (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum)[53] soil centipede
61 pairs Mairata itatiaiensis (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 61 pairs in males; 63 pairs in females[54]
63 pairs Mecistocephalus japonicus (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 63 or 65 pairs in each sex[52]
65 pairs Aphilodon bahianus (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 63 or 65 pairs in each sex[55]
67 pairs Aphilodon silvestrii (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 67, 69, or 71 pairs in females; 69 pairs in males[55]
69 pairs Schendylops demelloi (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 69 pairs in males; 69 or 71 pairs in females (usually 71)[56]
71 pairs Geoperingueyia crabilli (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 71 pairs in males; 71, 73, or 75 pairs in females (usually 73)[57]
73 pairs Aphilodon pereirai (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 73 or 75 pairs in males; 73, 75, or 77 pairs in females[55]
75 pairs Stenotaenia asiaeminoris (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede 75 pairs in males; 77 or 79 pairs in females[58]
191 pairs Gonibregmatus plurimipes (genus & species), Gonibregmatidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) soil centipede maximum in class;[5] based on a single specimen[59]
653 pairs Eumillipes persephone (monotypic genus & species), Siphonotidae (family), Polyzoniida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum) camphor millipede maximum in kingdom; 499 to 653 pairs in females; 387 to 407 pairs in males (excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Marek, Paul E.; Buzatto, Bruno A.; Shear, William A.; Means, Jackson C.; Black, Dennis G.; Harvey, Mark S.; Rodriguez, Juanita (2021-12-16). "The first true millipede—1306 legs long". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 23126. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1123126M. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02447-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8677783. PMID 34916527.
  2. ^ a b c d Blower, J. Gordon (1985). Millipedes: keys and notes for the identification of the species. Linnean Society of London, Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association. London: Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association by E.J. Brill. pp. 22–23. ISBN 90-04-07698-0. OCLC 13439686.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
  4. ^ a b c Mesibov, Robert. "External Anatomy of Polydesmida: Body plans". myriapodology.org. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  5. ^ a b c d e Fusco, Giuseppe (2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617 [610–611, 617]. Bibcode:2005EvDev...7..608F. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. ISSN 1520-541X. PMID 16336414. S2CID 21401688.
  6. ^ a b Minelli, Alessandro; Chagas-Júnior, Amazonas; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2009). "Saltational evolution of trunk segment number in centipedes". Evolution & Development. 11 (3): 318–322 [319]. Bibcode:2009EvDev..11..318M. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2009.00334.x. PMID 19469859. S2CID 40909871.
  7. ^ a b Singarete, Marina E.; Grizante, Mariana B.; Milograna, Sarah R.; Nery, Mariana F.; Kin, Koryu; Wagner, Günter P.; Kohlsdorf, Tiana (2015). "Molecular evolution of HoxA13 and the multiple origins of limbless morphologies in amphibians and reptiles". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 38 (3): 255–262. doi:10.1590/S1415-475738320150039. ISSN 1415-4757. PMC 4612600. PMID 26500429.
  8. ^ a b Gauthier, Jacques; Cannatella, David; de Queiroz, Kevin; Kluge, Arnold G.; Rowe, Timothy (1989). "Tetrapod phylogeny". In Fernholm, Bo; Bremer, Kåre; Jörnvall, Hans; Nobelstiftelsen (eds.). The hierarchy of life: molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis: proceedings from Nobel Symposium 70 held at Alfred Nobel's Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, August 29-September 2, 1988 (PDF). International congress series. Amsterdam; New York: New York, NY, USA: Excerpta Medica: Sole distributors for the USA and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co. pp. 337–353. ISBN 978-0-444-81073-1.
  9. ^ a b c Mayer, Georg (2007-04-05). "Metaperipatus inae sp. nov. (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from Chile with a novel ovarian type and dermal insemination". Zootaxa. 1440 (1): 21–37. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1440.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334 – via ResearchGate.
  10. ^ a b c d Ruppert, Edward E.; Barnes, Robert D.; Barnes, Robert D. (1994). Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth: Saunders College Pub. ISBN 978-0-03-026668-3.
  11. ^ Crooker, Allen (2008), "Sea Spiders (Pycnogonida)", in Capinera, John L. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 3321–3335, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4098, ISBN 978-1-4020-6359-6, retrieved 2024-12-31
  12. ^ a b c d Scheller, Ulf (2011). "Pauropoda". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 1: 467–508. doi:10.1163/9789004188266_022. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6.
  13. ^ a b c Pereira, Luis Alberto (2013-01-01). "Discovery of a second geophilomorph species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) having twenty-seven leg-bearing segments, the lowest number recorded up to the present in the centipede order Geophilomorpha". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 53 (13): 163–185 [163, 166, 183]. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492013001300001. hdl:11336/3449. ISSN 1807-0205.
  14. ^ Minelli, Alessandro; Bortoletto, Stefano (1988-04-01). "Myriapod metamerism and arthropod segmentation". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 33 (4): 323–343 [328–329]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00448.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
  15. ^ Seki, Ryohei; Li, Cai; Fang, Qi; Hayashi, Shinichi; Egawa, Shiro; Hu, Jiang; Xu, Luohao; Pan, Hailin; Kondo, Mao; Sato, Tomohiko; Matsubara, Haruka; Kamiyama, Namiko; Kitajima, Keiichi; Saito, Daisuke; Liu, Yang (2017-02-06). "Functional roles of Aves class-specific cis-regulatory elements on macroevolution of bird-specific features". Nature Communications. 8 (1) 14229. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814229S. doi:10.1038/ncomms14229. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5473641. PMID 28165450.
  16. ^ Sabroux, Romain; Corbari, Laure; Hassanin, Alexandre (2023-05-01). "Phylogeny of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) inferred from mitochondrial genome and 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 182 (107726) 107726: 1–21. Bibcode:2023MolPE.18207726S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107726. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 36754337.
  17. ^ Hedgpeth, Joel W.; and Fry, William G. (1964-03-01). "Another dodecopodous pycnogonid". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 7 (75): 161–169 [161–164]. doi:10.1080/00222936408651451. ISSN 0374-5481.
  18. ^ Brökeland, Wiebke; Brandt, Angelika (2004). "Two new species of Ischnomesidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Southern Ocean displaying neoteny". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 51 (14–16): 1769–1785. Bibcode:2004DSRII..51.1769B. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.034. ISSN 0967-0645.
  19. ^ Scheller, Ulf; Adis, Joachim (2000). "Possible parthenogenesis in Allopauropus (Myriapoda: Pauropoda)". In Wytwer, Jolanta; Golovatch, Sergei (eds.). Progress in studies on myriapoda and onychophora: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Myriapodology, 20-24 July 1999, Białowieża, Poland. Fragmenta faunistica. Warszawa: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 171–77. ISBN 978-83-85192-96-1.
  20. ^ Szucsich, Nikola; Scheller, Ulf (2011). "Symphyla". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 445–466. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.
  21. ^ Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin, Monique; Uys, Charmaine; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques (2011). "Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa)". ZooKeys (156): 85–103. Bibcode:2011ZooK..156...85N. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2211. PMC 3253573. PMID 22303097.
  22. ^ Dendy, Arthur (1900). "A New Peripatus from New Zealand". Nature. 61 (1584): 444. Bibcode:1900Natur..61..444D. doi:10.1038/061444a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  23. ^ a b Minelli, Alessandro, ed. (2011-01-01), "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview", Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 1, Brill, pp. 363–443, doi:10.1163/9789004188266_020, ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6, retrieved 2024-02-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  24. ^ Trewick, Steven A.; Koot, Emily M.; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2024). "Ngāokeoke Aotearoa: The Peripatoides Onychophora of New Zealand". Insects. 15 (4): 248. doi:10.3390/insects15040248. ISSN 2075-4450. PMC 11050097. PMID 38667378.
  25. ^ a b c d Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01). "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2: 363–453. doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017. ISBN 978-90-04-15612-8.
  26. ^ Hamer, M.L.; Samways, M.J.; Ruhberg, H. (1997). "A review of the Onychophora of South Africa, with discussion of their conservation". Annals of the Natal Museum. 38 (1): 283–312.
  27. ^ Kemp, Stanley (1914). "Onychophora. Zoological results of the Abor expedition, 1911-1912". Records of the Indian Museum. 8: 471–492. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.1194. S2CID 88237018.
  28. ^ Barnes, Aaron; Daniels, Savel R. (2024). "Molecular and Morphological Evidence for the Description of Three Novel Velvet Worm Species (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Peripatopsis sedgwicki s.s.) from South Africa". Diversity. 16 (9): 566. Bibcode:2024Diver..16..566B. doi:10.3390/d16090566. ISSN 1424-2818.
  29. ^ Oliveira, Ivo de Sena; Schaffer, Stefan; Kvartalnov, Pavel V.; Galoyan, Eduard A.; Palko, Igor V.; Weck-Heimann, Andreas; Geissler, Peter; Ruhberg, Hilke; Mayer, Georg (2013). "A new species of Eoperipatus (Onychophora) from Vietnam reveals novel morphological characters for the South-East Asian Peripatidae". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 252 (4): 495–510. Bibcode:2013ZooAn.252..495O. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2013.01.001.
  30. ^ Monge-Nájera, Julián (1994). "Reproductive trends, habitat type and body characteristcs in velvet worms (Onychophora)". Revista de Biología Tropical. 42 (3): 611–622. ISSN 2215-2075.
  31. ^ Evans, Richard (1901). "On two new species of Onychophora from the Siamese Malay States". Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 44: 473–538.
  32. ^ Popovici, George; Akkari, Nesrine; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2025-05-23). "Redescription of Mesoschendyla javanica (Attems, 1907) and its first records from Borneo (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)". Biodiversity Data Journal. 13 e156917. doi:10.3897/BDJ.13.e156917. ISSN 1314-2828. PMC 12125604. PMID 40453373.
  33. ^ Brölemann, H.-W. (1902). "Myriapodes Cavericoles". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (in French). 71: 448–460 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  34. ^ Stoev, Pavel; Akkari, Nesrine; Komericki, Ana; Edgecombe, Gregory; Bonato, Lucio (2015). "At the end of the rope: Geophilus hadesi sp. n. – the world's deepest cave-dwelling centipede (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae)". ZooKeys (510): 95–114. Bibcode:2015ZooK..510...95S. doi:10.3897/zookeys.510.9614. PMC 4523767. PMID 26257537.
  35. ^ Morera-Brenes, B.; Monge-Nájera, J. (2010). "A new giant species of placented worm and the mechanism by which onychophorans weave their nets (Onychophora: Peripatidae)". Revista de Biología Tropical. 58 (4): 1127–1142. arXiv:1511.00983. doi:10.15517/rbt.v58i4.5398. PMID 21246983.
  36. ^ a b c Dyachkov, Yurii V.; Bonato, Lucio (2024-04-23). "An updated synthesis of the Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) of Asian Russia". ZooKeys (1198): 17–54 [41–43, 45]. Bibcode:2024ZooK.1198...17D. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1198.119781. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 11061560. PMID 38693975.
  37. ^ a b c Titova, L.P. (1973). "New species of the genus Escaryus Cook & Collins (Schendylidae, Chilopoda)". In Ghilarov, M.S. (ed.). Ekologiya Pochvennykh Bespozvonochnykh (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka Publisher. pp. 94–119 [95, 98, 103].
  38. ^ Carl, J. (1942). "Contribution à la connaissance des Limacomorpha -- Essai de morphologie comparée". Revue suisse de Zoologie (in French). 49: 133–167 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  39. ^ Mauriès, Jean-Paul (2019). "Les premiers Glomeridesmida découverts dans le département français de Guyane: nouvelles données sur leur ontogenèse et descriptions de nouveaux taxa: Glomeridesmoides n. g., et trois espèces nouvelles, dont une termitophile (Diplopoda, Glomeridesmida)" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle de Toulouse (in French). 155: 47–64.
  40. ^ Costa, Cristiano Sampaio; Chagas-Junior, Amazonas; Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo (2018-10-16). "Redescription of Epiperipatus edwardsii, and descriptions of five new species of Epiperipatus from Brazil (Onychophora: Peripatidae)". Zoologia. 35: 1–15 [4–5]. doi:10.3897/zoologia.35.e23366. ISSN 1984-4689. S2CID 92601575.
  41. ^ David, Jean-François (1989). "Le cycle biologique de Chamaesoma broelemanni Ribaut et Verhoeff, 1913 (Diplopoda, Craspedosomatida) en forêt d'Orléans (France)". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (4) A, Zoologie (in French). 11: 639–647. doi:10.5962/p.288286 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  42. ^ Tsukamoto, Sho; Shimano, Satoshi; Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2022-08-01). "Two new species of the dwarf centipede genus Nannarrup Foddai, Bonato, Pereira & Minelli, 2003 (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Mecistocephalidae) from Japan". ZooKeys (1115): 117–150. Bibcode:2022ZooK.1115..117T. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1115.83946. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 9848819. PMID 36761074.
  43. ^ Serra, Antoni; Mauriès, Jean-Paul (2018). "Contribution à la connaissance des Chamaesomatinae, avec description, ontogenèse et écologie de Xystrosoma santllorence n. sp. (Diplopoda, Chordeumida, Craspedosomatidea, Chamaesomatidae)". Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de Toulouse (in French). 154: 57–70 [63, 65] – via Gallica.
  44. ^ a b Bonato, Lucio; DáNyi, LáSzló; Minelli, Alessandro (2010). "Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (3): 501–532. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00557.x.
  45. ^ Golovatch, Sergei I.; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques; Mauries, Jean-Paul (2006). "Four new Chordeumatida (Diplopoda) from caves in China". Zoosystema. 28 (1): 75–92.
  46. ^ a b c d Bonato, Lucio; Foddai, Donatella; Minelli, Alessandro (2003). "Evolutionary trends and patterns in centipede segment number based on a cladistic analysis of Mecistocephalidae (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)". Systematic Entomology. 28 (4): 539–579. Bibcode:2003SysEn..28..539B. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x. ISSN 0307-6970.
  47. ^ Mauriès, J P (1988). "Myriapodes du Népal. II. Diplopodes Craspedosomides nouveaux de l'Himalaya et de la région indo-malaise (Craspedosomidea et Chordeumidea)". Revue suisse de zoologie (in French). 95: 3–49 [5–17]. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.79638 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  48. ^ Bonato, L.; Minelli, A. (2004). "The centipede genus Mecistocephalus Newport 1843 in the Indian Peninsula (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae)". Tropical Zoology. 17 (1): 15–63. Bibcode:2004TrZoo..17...15B. doi:10.1080/03946975.2004.10531198. ISSN 0394-6975. S2CID 85304657.
  49. ^ Antić, Dragan Ž; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2016-12-22). "The Caucasus as a major hotspot of biodiversity: Evidence from the millipede family Anthroleucosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida)". Zootaxa. 4211 (1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4211.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 28006792.
  50. ^ Mauries, Jean-Paul (1987). "Craspedosomid millipedes discovered in Australia: Reginaterreuma, Neocambrisoma and Peterjohnsia, new genera (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Craspedosomida)". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 25 (1): 107–133.
  51. ^ "South African Geophilomorpha (Myriopoda)". Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. 32: 95–116 [112]. 1937 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  52. ^ a b Uliana, Marco; Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro (2007-01-22). "The Mecistocephalidae of the Japanese and Taiwanese islands (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)". Zootaxa. 1396 (1): 1–84 [56–57, 59–60]. Bibcode:2007Zoot.13966.1.1U. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1396.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  53. ^ Pan, Yang-Yang; Fan, Jia-Bo; You, Chun-Xue; Jiang, Chao (2024-11-13). "Identification of two new species of Mecistocephalus (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Mecistocephalidae) from southern China and the re-description of Mecistocephalus smithii Pocock, 1895". ZooKeys (1218): 1–23 [14, 17]. Bibcode:2024ZooK.1218....1P. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1218.130709. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 11579650. PMID 39583617.
  54. ^ Calvanese, Victor C.; Brescovit, Antonio D.; Bonato, Lucio (2019-11-15). "Revision of the Neotropical species of Aphilodontinae (Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae), with eight new species and a first phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily". Zootaxa. 4698 (1): 1–72 [44–46]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4698.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 32229999.
  55. ^ a b c Calvanese, Victor C.; Brescovit, Antonio D. (7 March 2022). "Six new species of Aphilodon centipedes (Geophilidae: Aphilodontinae) from Brazil". Zootaxa. 5105 (4): 539–558 [541]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5105.4.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 35391288.
  56. ^ Calvanese, Victor de Carvalho; Brescovit, Antonio Domingos (2016). "Estudo morfológico em Schendylops demelloi Verhoeff 1938 (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)" (PDF). Scientia Vitae (in Portuguese). 3 (11): 59–78 [61–62].
  57. ^ Pereira, Luis Alberto (1981). "Estudios sobre geofilomorfos tropicales III". Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina (in Spanish). 40 (1–4): 11-25 [11-12, 19-24].
  58. ^ Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro (2008-06-01). "Stenotaenia Koch, 1847: a hitherto unrecognized lineage of western Palaearctic centipedes with unusual diversity in body size and segment number (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 153 (2): 253–286 [261]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00394.x. hdl:11577/2437766. ISSN 0024-4082.
  59. ^ Tran, Binh Thi Thanh; Tran, Hoa Thi Xuan; Bonato, Lucio (2019-04-15). "A new soil centipede from South-East Asia with a unique arrangement of ventral glands, and a revised synopsis of Gonibregmatidae (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha)". ZooKeys (838): 111–132 [121, 129]. Bibcode:2019ZooK..838..111T. doi:10.3897/zookeys.838.33131. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6477870. PMID 31048971.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.