Standard electrode potential (data page)

Main article: Standard electrode potential

The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at:

Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.

Electrode potentials of successive elementary half-reactions cannot be directly added. However, the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°) can be added. Those free energy changes satisfy

∆G° = –zFE°,

where z electrons are transferred, and the Faraday constant F is the conversion factor describing Coulombs transferred per mole electrons. For example, from

Fe2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Fe(s) (−0.44 V),

the energy to form one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one Fe2+ ion and two electrons is 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 907 J/(mol  e−). That value is also the standard formation energy (∆Gf°) for an Fe2+ ion, since  e− and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.

Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example: From additivity of Gibbs energies and canceling common factors, one must have But that equation does not hold exactly with the cited values.

Table of standard electrode potentials

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element Half-reaction E°
(volt) 		Electrons
transferred
Oxidant ⇌ Reductant
Sr Sr+
 +  e− 		⇌ Sr(s) −4.101 1 [1]
Ca Ca+
 +  e− 		⇌ Ca(s) −3.8 1
Th Th4+
 +  e− 		⇌ Th3+
 		−3.6 1
Pr Pr3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Pr2+
 		−3.1 1
N 3N
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ 2HN
3(aq) 		−3.09 2
Li Li+
 +  e− 		⇌ Li(s) −3.0401 1
N N
2(g) + 4H2O + 2 e− 		⇌ 2NH
2OH(aq) + 2 OH− 		−3.04 2
Cs Cs+
 +  e− 		⇌ Cs(s) −3.026 1
Ca Ca(OH)
2 + 2 e− 		⇌ Ca(s) + 2 OH− −3.02 2
Er Er3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Er2+
 		−3 1
Ba Ba(OH)
2 + 2 e− 		⇌ Ba(s) + 2 OH− −2.99 2
Rb Rb+
 +  e− 		⇌ Rb(s) −2.98 1
K K+
 +  e− 		⇌ K(s) −2.931 1
Ba Ba2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Ba(s) −2.912 2
La La(OH)
3(s) + 3 e− 		⇌ La(s) + 3 OH− −2.9 3
Fr Fr+
 +  e− 		⇌ Fr(s) −2.9 1
Sr Sr2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Sr(s) −2.899 2
Sr Sr(OH)
2 + 2 e− 		⇌ Sr(s) + 2 OH− −2.88 2
Ca Ca2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Ca(s) −2.868 2
Li Li+
 + C
6(s) +  e− 		⇌ LiC
6(s) 		−2.84 1
Eu Eu2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Eu(s) −2.812 2
Ra Ra2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Ra(s) −2.8 2
Ho Ho3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Ho2+ −2.8 1
Bk Bk3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Bk2+
 		−2.8 1
Yb Yb2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Yb(s) −2.76 2
Na Na+
 +  e− 		⇌ Na(s) −2.71 1
Mg Mg+
 +  e− 		⇌ Mg(s) −2.7 1
Nd Nd3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Nd2+
 		−2.7 1
Mg Mg(OH)
2 + 2 e− 		⇌ Mg(s) + 2 OH− −2.69 2
Sm Sm2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Sm(s) −2.68 2
Be Be
2O2−
3 + 3H2O + 4 e− 		⇌ 2Be(s) + 6 OH− −2.63 4
Pm Pm3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Pm2+
 		−2.6 1
Dy Dy3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Dy2+
 		−2.6 1
No No2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ No −2.5 2
Hf HfO(OH)
2 + H2O + 4 e− 		⇌ Hf(s) + 4 OH− −2.5 4
Th Th(OH)
4 + 4 e− 		⇌ Th(s) + 4 OH− −2.48 4
Md Md2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Md −2.4 2
Tm Tm2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Tm(s) −2.4 2
La La3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ La(s) −2.379 3
Y Y3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Y(s) −2.372 3
Mg Mg2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Mg(s) −2.372 2
Sc ScF3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ Sc(s) + 3HF(aq) −2.37 3
Zr ZrO(OH)
2(s) + H2O + 4 e− 		⇌ Zr(s) + 4 OH− −2.36 4
Pr Pr3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Pr(s) −2.353 3
Ce Ce3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Ce(s) −2.336 3
Er Er3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Er(s) −2.331 3
Ho Ho3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Ho(s) −2.33 3
Al H
2AlO−
3 + H2O + 3 e− 		⇌ Al(s) + 4 OH− −2.33 3
Nd Nd3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Nd(s) −2.323 3
Tm Tm3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Tm(s) −2.319 3
Al Al(OH)
3(s) + 3 e− 		⇌ Al(s) + 3 OH− −2.31 3
Sm Sm3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Sm(s) −2.304 3
Fm Fm2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Fm −2.3 2
Am Am3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Am2+
 		−2.3 1
Dy Dy3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Dy(s) −2.295 3
Lu Lu3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Lu(s) −2.28 3
Sc ScF+
2 + 2 H+ + 3 e−		 ⇌ Sc(s) + 2HF(l) −2.28 3
Tb Tb3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Tb(s) −2.28 3
Gd Gd3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Gd(s) −2.279 3
H H
2(g) + 2 e− 		⇌ 2H−
 		−2.23 2
Es Es2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Es(s) −2.23 2
Pm Pm2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Pm(s) −2.2 2
Tm Tm3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Tm2+ −2.2 1
Dy Dy2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Dy(s) −2.2 2
Ac Ac3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Ac(s) −2.2 3
Yb Yb3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Yb(s) −2.19 3
Cf Cf2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Cf(s) −2.12 2
Nd Nd2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Nd(s) −2.1 2
Ho Ho2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Ho(s) −2.1 2
Sc Sc3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Sc(s) −2.077 3
Al AlF3−
6 + 3 e− 		⇌ Al(s) + 6F−
 		−2.069 3
Cm Cm3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Cm(s) −2.04 3
Pu Pu3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Pu(s) −2.031 3
Pr Pr2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Pr(s) −2 2
Er Er2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Er(s) −2 2
Eu Eu3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Eu(s) −1.991 3
Lr Lr3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Lr −1.96 3
Cf Cf3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Cf(s) −1.94 3
Es Es3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Es(s) −1.91 3
Pa Pa4+
 +  e− 		⇌ Pa3+
 		−1.9 1
Am Am2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Am(s) −1.9 2
Th Th4+
 + 4 e− 		⇌ Th(s) −1.899 4
Fm Fm3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Fm −1.89 3
N N2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2NH3OH+ −1.87 2
Np Np3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Np(s) −1.856 3
Be Be2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Be(s) −1.847 2
P H
2PO−
2 +  e− 		⇌ P(s) + 2 OH− −1.82 1
U U3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ U(s) −1.798 3
Sr Sr2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Sr(Hg) −1.793 2
B H
2BO−
3 + H2O + 3 e− 		⇌ B(s) + 4 OH− −1.79 3
Th ThO
2 + 4 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ Th(s) + 2H2O −1.789 4
Hf HfO2+
 + 2 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ Hf(s) + H2O −1.724 4
P HPO2−
3 + 2H2O + 3 e− 		⇌ P(s) + 5 OH− −1.71 3
Si SiO2−
3 + 3H2O + 4 e− 		⇌ Si(s) + 6 OH− −1.697 4
Al Al3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Al(s) −1.662 3
Ti Ti2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Ti(s) −1.63 2
Zr ZrO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ Zr(s) + 2H2O −1.553 4
Zr Zr4+
 + 4 e− 		⇌ Zr(s) −1.45 4
Ti Ti3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Ti(s) −1.37 3
Ti TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ti(s) + H2O −1.31 2
B B(OH)−
4 + 4H2O(l) + 8 e−		 ⇌ BH−
4 + 8 OH−		 −1.24 8
Ti Ti
2O
3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ 2TiO(s) + H2O −1.23 2
Ga GaO(OH)−
2 + H2O(l) + 3 e−		 ⇌ Ga(s) + 3 OH− −1.22 3
Zn Zn(OH)2−
4 + 2 e− 		⇌ Zn(s) + 4 OH− −1.199 2
Mn Mn2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Mn(s) −1.185 2
Fe Fe(CN)4−
6 + 6 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) −1.16 2
C C(s) + 3H2O(l) + 2 e− ⇌ CH3OH(l) + 2 OH− −1.148 2
Cr Cr(CN)3−
6 +  e−		 ⇌ Cr(CN)4−
6		 −1.143 1
Te Te(s) + 2 e− ⇌ Te2−
 		−1.143 2
V V2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ V(s) −1.13 2
Nb Nb3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Nb(s) −1.099 3
Sn Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ SnH
4(g) 		−1.07 4
Po Po(s) + 2 e− ⇌ Po2−
 		−1.021 2
Cr [Cr(edta)(H2O)]− +  e− ⇌ [Cr(edta)(H2O)]2− −0.99 1
P 2H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ (H2PO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) −0.933 2
C CO2−
3 + 3 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ HCO−
2 + H2O(l)		 −0.93 2
Ti TiO2+
 + 2 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ Ti(s) + H2O −0.93 4
Si SiO
2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ Si(s) + 2H2O −0.909 4
Cr Cr2+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Cr(s) −0.9 2
B B(OH)
3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− 		⇌ B(s) + 3H2O −0.89 3
Fe Fe(OH)
2(s) + 2 e− 		⇌ Fe(s) + 2 OH− −0.89 2
Fe Fe
2O
3(s) + 3H2O + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Fe(OH)
2(s) + 2 OH− 		−0.86 2
H 2H2O + 2 e− ⇌ H
2(g) + 2 OH− 		−0.8277 2
Bi Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ BiH
3 		−0.8 3
Zn Zn2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Zn(Hg) −0.7628 2
Zn Zn2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Zn(s) −0.7618 2
Ta Ta
2O
5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− 		⇌ 2Ta(s) + 5H2O −0.75 10
Cr Cr3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Cr(s) −0.74 3
Te 2Te(s) + 2 e− ⇌ Te2−
2		 −0.74 2
Ni Ni(OH)
2(s) + 2 e− 		⇌ Ni(s) + 2 OH− −0.72 2
Nb Nb
2O
5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e−		 ⇌ 2Nb(s) + 5H2O(l) −0.7 10
Ag Ag
2S(s) + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Ag(s) + S2−
(aq) 		−0.69 2
Te Te2−
2 + 4 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2H2Te(g) −0.64 2
Sb Sb(OH)−
4 + 3 e−		 ⇌ Sb(s) + 4 OH− −0.639 3
Au [Au(CN)
2]−
 +  e− 		⇌ Au(s) + 2CN−
 		−0.6 1
Ta Ta3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Ta(s) −0.6 3
Pb PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e− ⇌ Pb(s) + 2 OH− −0.580 2
Ti 2TiO
2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ Ti
2O
3(s) + H2O 		−0.56 2
Ga Ga3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Ga(s) −0.549 3
U U4+
 +  e− 		⇌ U3+
 		−0.52 1
P H
3PO
2(aq) +  H+ +  e− 		⇌ P(white)[note 1] + 2H2O −0.508 1
P H
3PO
3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ H
3PO
2(aq) + H2O 		−0.499 2
Ni NiO
2(s) + 2H2O + 2 e− 		⇌ Ni(OH)
2(s) + 2 OH− 		−0.49 2
Sb Sb(OH)−
6 + 2 e−		 ⇌ Sb(OH)−
4 + 2 OH−		 −0.465 2
P H
3PO
3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− 		⇌ P(red)[note 1] + 3H2O −0.454 3
Bi Bi2O3(s) + 3H2O(l) + 6 e− ⇌ Bi(s) + 6 OH− −0.452 6
Ta TaF2−
7 + 7 H+ + 5 e−		 ⇌ Ta(s) + 7HF(l) −0.45 5
In In3+
 + 2 e−		 ⇌ In+ −0.444 2
Cu Cu(CN)−
2 +  e− 		⇌ Cu(s) + 2CN−
 		−0.44 1
Fe Fe2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Fe(s) −0.44 2
C 2CO
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ HOOCCOOH(aq) −0.43 2
Cr Cr3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Cr2+
 		−0.407 1
Cd Cd2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Cd(s) −0.4 2
Ti Ti3+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Ti2+
 −0.37 1
Cu Cu
2O(s) + H2O + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Cu(s) + 2 OH− −0.36 2
Pb PbSO
4(s) + 2 e− 		⇌ Pb(s) + SO2−
4 		−0.3588 2
Pb PbSO
4(s) + 2 e− 		⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO2−
4 		−0.3505 2
Eu Eu3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Eu2+
 		−0.35 1
In In3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ In(s) −0.34 3
Tl Tl+
 +  e− 		⇌ Tl(s) −0.34 1
Ge Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ GeH
4(g) 		−0.29 4
Co Co2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Co(s) −0.28 2
P H
3PO
4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ H
3PO
3(aq) + H2O 		−0.276 2
N N2(g) + 8 H+ + 6 e− ⇌ 2NH+
4		 −0.27 6
V V3+
 +  e− 		⇌ V2+
 		−0.26 1
Ni Ni2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Ni(s) −0.257 2
S 2HSO−
4 + 2 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ S2O2−
6 + 2H2O(l)		 −0.253 2
As As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ AsH
3(g) 		−0.23 3
N N2(g) + 5 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ N2H+
5		 −0.23 4
Ga Ga+
 +  e− 		⇌ Ga(s) −0.2 1
Ag AgI(s) +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) + I−
 		−0.15224 1
Ge GeO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Ge(s) + 2H2O(l) −0.15 4
Mo MoO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ Mo(s) + 2H2O −0.15 4
Si Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ SiH
4(g) 		−0.14 4
Sn Sn2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Sn(s) −0.13 2
O O
2(g) +  H+ +  e− 		⇌ HO•
2(aq) 		−0.13 1
In In+ +  e− ⇌ In(s) −0.126 1
Pb Pb2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Pb(s) −0.126 2
W WO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ W(s) + 2H2O −0.12 4
Ge GeO
2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ GeO(s) + H2O −0.118 2
P P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ PH
3(g) 		−0.111 3
C CO
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ HCOOH(aq) −0.11 2
Se Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H
2Se(g) 		−0.11 2
C CO
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ CO(g) + H2O −0.11 2
Sn α-SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sn(s) + H2O −0.104 2
Cu Cu(NH
3)+
2 +  e− 		⇌ Cu(s) + 2NH
3(aq) 		−0.1 1
Nb Nb2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ 2Nb3+
 + 5H2O(l)		 −0.1 4
W WO
3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− 		⇌ W(s) + 3H2O −0.09 6
Sn SnO
2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ α-SnO(s) + H2O −0.088 2
Fe Fe
3O
4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− 		⇌ 3Fe(s) + 4H2O −0.085 8
V VOH2+
 +  H+ +  e−		 ⇌ V2+
 + H2O(l)		 −0.082 1
P P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e− ⇌ PH
3(g) 		−0.063 3
N N2O(g) + H2O(l) + 6 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ 2NH3OH+ −0.05 4
Fe Fe3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Fe(s) −0.04 3
C HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ HCHO(aq) + H2O −0.034 2
H 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H
2(g) 		0 2
Ag AgBr(s) +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) + Br−
 		0.07133 1
S S
4O2−
6 + 2 e− 		⇌ 2S
2O2−
3 		0.08 2
N N
2(g) + 2H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e− 		⇌ 2NH
4OH(aq) 		0.092 6
Hg HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e− ⇌ Hg(l) + 2 OH− 0.0977 2
Cu Cu(NH
3)2+
4 +  e− 		⇌ Cu(NH
3)+
2 + 2NH
3(aq) 		0.1 1
Ru Ru(NH
3)3+
6 +  e− 		⇌ Ru(NH
3)2+
6 		0.1 1
N N
2H
4(aq) + 4H2O + 2 e− 		⇌ 2NH+
4 + 4 OH− 		0.11 2
Mo H
2MoO
4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− 		⇌ Mo(s) + 4H2O 0.11 6
Ge Ge4+
 + 4 e− 		⇌ Ge(s) 0.12 4
C C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ CH
4(g) 		0.13 4
C HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ CH
3OH(aq) 		0.13 2
S S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ H
2S(g) 		0.144 2
Sb Sb2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 6 e− ⇌ 2Sb(s) + 3H2O 0.15 6 [6]: 789 
Sn Sn4+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Sn2+
 		0.151 2
S HSO−
4 + 3 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ SO
2(aq) + 2H2O 		0.158 2
Cu Cu2+
 +  e− 		⇌ Cu+
 		0.159 1
U UO2+
2 +  e− 		⇌ UO+
2 		0.163 1
S SO2−
4 + 4 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ SO
2(aq) + 2H2O 		0.17 2
Ti TiO2+
 + 2 H+ +  e− 		⇌ Ti3+
 + H2O 		0.19 1
Sb SbO+
 + 2 H+ + 3 e− 		⇌ Sb(s) + H2O 0.2 3
Fe 3Fe
2O
3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Fe
3O
4(s) + H2O 		0.22 2
Ag AgCl(s) +  e− ⇌ Ag(s) + Cl−
 		0.22233 1
As H
3AsO
3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− 		⇌ As(s) + 3H2O 0.24 3
Ru Ru3+
(aq) +  e− 		⇌ Ru2+
(aq) 		0.249 1
Pb PbO2(s) + H2O + 2 e− ⇌ α-PbO(s) + 2 OH− 0.254 2
Ge GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Ge(s) + H2O 0.26 2
Hg Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 e− ⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2Cl− 0.27 2
U UO+
2 + 4 H+ +  e− 		⇌ U4+
 + 2H2O 		0.273 1
At At +  e− ⇌ At− 0.3 1
Bi Bi3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Bi(s) 0.308 3
C 2HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ (CN)2 + 2H2O 0.330 2
Cu Cu2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Cu(s) 0.337 2
V VO2+
 + 2 H+ +  e− 		⇌ V3+
 + H2O 		0.337 1
Sb Sb2O4(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sb2O3(s) + H2O(l) 0.342 2
At At+ + 2 e− ⇌ At− 0.36 2
Fe [Fe(CN)
6]3−
 +  e− 		⇌ [Fe(CN)
6]4−
 		0.3704 1
C (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2HCN 0.373 2
P (H2PO3)2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2H3PO3 0.38 2
S 2SO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ S2O2−
3 + H2O(l)		 0.4 2
O O
2(g) + 2H2O + 4 e− 		⇌ 4 OH−(aq) 0.401 4
Mo H
2MoO
4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− 		⇌ Mo3+
 + 4H2O 		0.43 3
Ru Ru2+
(aq) + 2 e− 		⇌ Ru 0.455 2
V VO(OH)+ + 2 H+ +  e− ⇌ VOH2+
 + H2O(l)		 0.481 1
Re Re3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Re(s) 0.5 3
C CH
3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ CH
4(g) + H2O 		0.5 2
S SO
2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ S(s) + 2H2O 0.5 4
S 4SO
2(aq) + 4 H+ + 6 e−		 ⇌ S4O2−
6 + 2H2O(l)		 0.51 6
Cu Cu+
 +  e− 		⇌ Cu(s) 0.52 1
C CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ C(s) + H2O 0.52 2
I I−
3 + 2 e− 		⇌ 3I−
 		0.53 2
Te TeO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Te(s) + 2H2O(l) 0.53 4
Cu Cu2+
 + Cl− +  e−		 ⇌ CuCl(s) 0.54 1
I I
2(s) + 2 e− 		⇌ 2I−
 		0.54 2
Au [AuI
4]−
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Au(s) + 4I−
 		0.56 3
As H
3AsO
4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ H
3AsO
3(aq) + H2O 		0.56 2
S S2O2−
6 + 4 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2H2SO3 0.569 2
Au [AuI
2]−
 +  e− 		⇌ Au(s) + 2I−
 		0.58 1
Mn MnO−
4 + 2H2O + 3 e− 		⇌ MnO
2(s) + 4 OH− 		0.595 3
S S
2O2−
3 + 6 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ 2S(s) + 3H2O 0.6 4
Fe Fc+
 +  e−		 ⇌ Fc(s) 0.63 1
Mo H
2MoO
4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ MoO
2(s) + 2H2O 		0.65 2
N HN3(aq) + 11 H+ + 8 e− ⇌ 3NH+
4		 0.69 8
O O
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ H
2O
2(aq) 		0.695 2
Sb Sb2O5(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ Sb2O3(s) + 2H2O 0.699 4
C + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 0.6992 2
V H2V10O4−
28 + 24 H+ + 10 e−		 ⇌ 10VO(OH)+ + 8H2O(l) 0.723 10
Pt PtCl2−
6 + 2 e− 		⇌ PtCl2−
4 + 2Cl−
 		0.726 2
Fe Fe
2O
3(s) + 6 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Fe2+
 + 3H2O 		0.728 2
Se H
2SeO
3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ Se(s) + 3H2O 0.74 4
At AtO+ + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ At+ + H2O 0.74 2
Tl Tl3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Tl(s) 0.741 3
No No3+
 +  e− 		⇌ No2+
 		0.75 1
Pt PtCl2−
4 + 2 e− 		⇌ Pt(s) + 4Cl−
 		0.758 2
Br BrO− + H2O(l) + 2 e− ⇌ Br− + 2 OH− 0.76 2
Po Po4+ + 4 e− ⇌ Po 0.76 4
S (SCN)2 + 2 e− ⇌ 2SCN− 0.769 2
Fe Fe3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Fe2+
 		0.771 1
Hg Hg2+
2 + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Hg(l) 0.7973 2
Ag Ag+
 +  e− 		⇌ Ag(s) 0.7996 1
N 2NO−
3(aq) + 4 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ N
2O
4(g) + 2H2O 		0.803 2
Fe 2FeO2−
4 + 5H2O + 6 e− 		⇌ Fe
2O
3(s) + 10 OH− 		0.81 6
Au [AuBr
4]−
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Au(s) + 4Br−
 		0.85 3
Hg Hg2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Hg(l) 0.85 2
Ir [IrCl
6]2−
 +  e− 		⇌ [IrCl
6]3−
 		0.87 1
Mn MnO−
4 +  H+ +  e− 		⇌ HMnO−
4 		0.9 1
Po Po4+ + 2 e− ⇌ Po2+ 0.9 2
Hg 2Hg2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Hg2+
2 		0.91 2
Pd Pd2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Pd(s) 0.915 2
Au [AuCl
4]−
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Au(s) + 4Cl−
 		0.93 3
N NO−
3 + 3 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ HNO2(aq) 0.94 2
Mn MnO
2(s) + 4 H+ +  e− 		⇌ Mn3+
 + 2H2O 		0.95 1
N NO−
3(aq) + 4 H+ + 3 e− 		⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 0.958 3
Au [AuBr
2]−
 +  e− 		⇌ Au(s) + 2Br−
 		0.96 1
Fe Fe
3O
4(s) + 8 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ 3Fe2+
 + 4H2O 		0.98 2
Xe [HXeO
6]3−
 + 2H2O + 2 e− 		⇌ [HXeO
4]−
 + 4 OH− 		0.99 2
N HNO2(aq) +  H+ +  e− ⇌ NO(g) + H2O(l) 0.996 1
At HAtO +  H+ +  e− ⇌ At + H2O 1.0 1
V [VO
2]+
(aq) + 2 H+ +  e− 		⇌ [VO]2+
(aq) + H2O 		1 1
Te H
6TeO
6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ TeO
2(s) + 4H2O 		1.02 2
N NO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ NO(g) + H2O(l) 1.03 2
Br Br−
3 + 2 e−		 ⇌ 3Br−
 1.05 2
Sb Sb2O5(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Sb2O4(s) + H2O(l) 1.055 2
I ICl−
2 +  e−		 ⇌ 2Cl−
 + I(s)		 1.06 1
Br Br
2(l) + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Br−
 		1.066 2
N N2O4(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ 2HNO2 1.07 2
Br Br
2(aq) + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Br−
 		1.0873 2
Ru RuO
2 + 4 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ Ru2+
(aq) + 2H2O 		1.120 2
Cu Cu2+
 + 2CN−
 +  e− 		⇌ Cu(CN)−
2 		1.12 1
I IO−
3 + 5 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ HIO(aq) + 2H2O 1.13 4
O H2O2(aq) +  H+ +  e− ⇌ H2O(l) + HO• 1.14 1
Au [AuCl
2]−
 +  e− 		⇌ Au(s) + 2Cl−
 		1.15 1
Se HSeO−
4 + 3 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ H
2SeO
3(aq) + H2O 		1.15 2
Ag Ag
2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Ag(s) + H2O 1.17 2
Cl ClO−
3 + 2 H+ +  e− 		⇌ ClO
2(g) + H2O 		1.175 1
Xe [HXeO
6]3−
 + 5H2O + 8 e− 		⇌ Xe(g) + 11 OH− 1.18 8
Pt Pt2+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Pt(s) 1.188 2
Cl ClO
2(g) +  H+ +  e− 		⇌ HClO
2(aq) 		1.19 1
I 2IO−
3 + 12 H+ + 10 e− 		⇌ I
2(s) + 6H2O 		1.2 10
Mn MnO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ Mn2+
 + 2H2O 		1.224 2
O O
2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ 2H2O 1.229 4
N N2H+
5 + 3 H+ + 2 e−		 ⇌ 2NH+
4		 1.28 2
Cl ClO−
4 + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ ClO−
3 + H2O 		1.23 2
Ru [Ru(bipy)
3]3+
 +  e− 		⇌ [Ru(bipy)
3]2+
 		1.24 1
Xe [HXeO
4]−
 + 3H2O + 6 e− 		⇌ Xe(g) + 7 OH− 1.24 6
N 2NO−
3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−		 ⇌ N2(g) + 6H2O(l) 1.25 10
Tl Tl3+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Tl+
 		1.25 2
N 2HNO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ N2O(g) + 3H2O(l) 1.297 4
Cr Cr
2O2−
7 + 14 H+ + 6 e− 		⇌ 2Cr3+
 + 7H2O 		1.33 6
N NH3OH+ + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ NH+
4 + H2O(l)		 1.35 2
Cl Cl
2(g) + 2 e− 		⇌ 2Cl−
 		1.36 2
Ru RuO−
4(aq) + 8 H+ + 5 e− 		⇌ Ru2+
(aq) + 4H2O 		1.368 5
Ru RuO
4 + 4 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ RuO
2 + 2H2O 		1.387 4
Co CoO
2(s) + 4 H+ +  e− 		⇌ Co3+
 + 2H2O 		1.42 1
N 2NH
3OH+
 +  H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ N
2H+
5 + 2H2O 		1.42 2
I 2HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ I
2(s) + 2H2O 		1.44 2
Br BrO−
3 + 5 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ HBrO(aq) + 2H2O 1.447 4
Pb β-PbO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ Pb2+
 + 2H2O 		1.46 2
Pb α-PbO
2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ Pb2+
 + 2H2O 		1.468 2
Br 2BrO−
3 + 12 H+ + 10 e− 		⇌ Br
2(l) + 6H2O 		1.48 10
At HAtO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e− ⇌ HAtO + 2H2O 1.5 4
Mn MnO−
4 + 8 H+ + 5 e− 		⇌ Mn2+
 + 4H2O 		1.51 5
O HO•
2 +  H+ +  e− 		⇌ H
2O
2(aq) 		1.51 1
Au Au3+
 + 3 e− 		⇌ Au(s) 1.52 3
Ru RuO2−
4(aq) + 8 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ Ru2+
(aq) + 4H2O 		1.563 4
N 2NO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ N2O(g) + H2O(l) 1.59 2
Ni NiO
2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ Ni2+
 + 2 OH− 		1.59 2
Ce Ce4+
 +  e− 		⇌ Ce3+
 		1.61 1
Cl 2HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Cl
2(g) + 2H2O 		1.63 2
I IO−
4 + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ IO−
3 + H2O 		1.64 2
Ag Ag
2O
3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− 		⇌ 2Ag+
 + 3H2O 		1.67 4
Cl HClO
2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ HClO(aq) + H2O 1.67 2
Pb Pb4+
 + 2 e− 		⇌ Pb2+
 		1.69 2
Mn MnO−
4 + 4 H+ + 3 e− 		⇌ MnO
2(s) + 2H2O 		1.7 3
Br BrO−
4 + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ BrO−
3 + H2O 		1.74 2
Ag AgO(s) + 2 H+ +  e− ⇌ Ag+
 + H2O 		1.77 1
N N2O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ N2(g) + H2O(l) 1.77 2 [6]: 789 
O H
2O
2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ 2H2O 1.78 2
Au Au+
 +  e− 		⇌ Au(s) 1.83 1
Co Co3+
 +  e− 		⇌ Co2+
 		1.92 1
Ag Ag2+
 +  e− 		⇌ Ag+
 		1.98 1
O S
2O2−
8 + 2 e− 		⇌ 2SO2−
4 		2.01 2
O O
3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ O
2(g) + H2O 		2.075 2
Mn HMnO−
4 + 3 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ MnO
2(s) + 2H2O 		2.09 2
Xe XeO
3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− 		⇌ Xe(g) + 3H2O 2.12 6
Xe H
4XeO
6(aq) + 8 H+ + 8 e− 		⇌ Xe(g) + 6H2O 2.18 8
Fe FeO2−
4 + 8 H+ + 3 e− 		⇌ Fe3+
 + 4H2O 		2.2 3
Xe XeF
2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) 2.32 2
O HO• +  H+ +  e− ⇌ H2O(l) 2.38 1
Xe H
4XeO
6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ XeO
3(aq) + 3H2O 		2.42 2
F F
2(g) + 2 e− 		⇌ 2F−
 		2.87 2
Cm Cm4+ + e– ⇌ Cm3+ 3.0 1
F F
2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 		⇌ 2HF(aq) 3.077 2
Tb Tb4+ + e– ⇌ Tb3+ 3.1 1
Pr Pr4+ + e– ⇌ Pr3+ 3.2 1
Kr KrF
2(aq) + 2 e− 		⇌ Kr(g) + 2F−
(aq) 		3.27 2

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3.

References

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